The Imperial Crisis

1. The Imperial Crisis New Perceptions Changing relationship

2. French and Indian War1754-1763 Turning Point Change in Colonial-British Relationship

3. Competition for Empire • Four Imperial wars 1689-1763 • Issue = World Balance of Power (BOP) • Competition France v. Britain • French and Indian War starts in colonies • Issue = control of Ohio River Valley; all of North America • Washington – Fort Necessity

4. North America in 1750

5. Albany Plan • Franklin – defensive union • Failed – no desire to give up power • Iroquois threaten to desert British and trade w/ French

7. Seven Years War Native American tribes exploited both sides! Pitt – War for Empire “Belt of the World” Great Power

10. French and Indian War 1754-1763 Settlement: • Treaty of Paris 1763 • Britain controls all of N. America • Contrasting perceptions and post war goals • True losers = League of Iroquois and Indian tribes – lost ability to control BOP on the frontier

11. North America in 1763

12. Effects of the War on Britain? It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

13. Effectsof the War on the American Colonials • It united them against a common enemy for the first time. • It created socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

14. Treaty of Paris 1763 Watershed Benign NeglectNew Imperialism Autonomy unified system Who’s the boss? Who Rules?

15. Parliamentary Sovereignty v. Assembly • Parliament governs– can make all laws, levy any tax • Goal = increased control and increased revenue • Virtual representation • Only the assembly can tax • Assembly protects liberty • Natural law and government experience supports • Direct representation

16. Factors that contribute to the revolution • The change in relationship post 1763 • American perception of rights, liberty- both political and economic • British inconsistency in governing • Cadre – gentry of elite who help to “create” the revolution

17. Signals of change • 1763 Neolin Pontiac’s Rebellion • 1763 Line of Proclamation • Otis – Writs of assistance

18. Imperial Policies • 1761  writs of assistance • Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. • He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equal weight.

19. Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763

20. Pontiac’s Rebellion

21. Line of Proclamation

22. Three Imperial Crises • Escalating tensions • British action> American response >British reaction New Tea Act 1773 Townshend Acts B O 1767 T Grenville Program 1764

23. Representation & Sovereignty What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? absolute parliamentary sovereignty sovereignty of the assembly Q->How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

24. Grenville Program 1764Taxation and Representation • British Actions • Sugar Act • Currency Act • Quartering Act • Stamp Act 1765 • Declaratory Act 1766 American Response • Henry-Virginia Resolves • Stamp Act Congress • Sons of Liberty • Stamp Act Riots

25. Taxation and Representation • Taxation • External v Internal • Indirect v Direct (trade) (revenue) • British – can tax both • Americans – External only • Representation • Virtual v Direct Br Am • Only the assembly can directly tax • Fears of conspiracy against liberty

26. Stamp Act Crisis

27. Townshend Acts 1767 • External Taxes – lead, paper, paint, tea, glass • Increase customs collectors • Increased troops to Boston • Increased use of writs of assistance • REPEALED BUT tea tax remains • Boston Massacre 1770 • BOT applied • Dickinson – “Letters from an American Farmer” • “circular letter” • Change in colonial thinking – only assembly can tax for all purposes • Riots against customs agents

28. The Excise Man

29. Revere’s Boston Massacre

30. New Tea Act 1773 • Period of Calm 1770-1773 • Grants monopoly, decreased tea prices • Gaspee; committees of correspondence, NY assembly disbanded • Boston Tea Party

31. Boston Tea Party

32. Boston Tea Party

33. BritishReaction • Coercive Acts – punish Mass. • Close port of Boston • Dissolve assembly – martial law • New Quartering Act • Administration of Justice Act • Quebec Act - Canada • Ohio River Valley attached to Canada • No representative assembly

34. Gage in Boston

35. First Continental Congress: Sept 1774 • Moderate, conciliatory • Plan for common defense • Call up militia (minutemen) • Declaration of Rights and Grievances • Suffolk Resolves • Nullified Intolerable Acts • Boycott • Continental Association

36. Push toward radicalism • Lexington & Concord • Paine – Common Sense • Economic, political, social • emotional • Bunker (Breed’s) Hill

37. Lexington and Concord

38. Paine’s Common Sense

39. Second Continental Congress: May 1775 • Created Continental Army • Washington --- Commander in Chief • Olive Branch Petition • Declaration of Causes of taking up Arms • Secret Committees – navy, Canada, allies • Declaration of Independence

40. Declaration of Independence • Philosophy of government – natural law and justification of right to rebel • Indictments – GIII • Declaration of independence – “states”

41. The Declaration Committee