The Great War and Revolution: Europe 1900-1929

1. The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929Chapter 28

2. Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East

3. The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans • By the late 19th century the Ottomans were on the decline • Young Turks and Germany

4. Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy • Causes of WW1 • Nationalism • Undermined large multiethnic empires • Crusade for liberty • Revenge for past injustices • Heal class divisions • Alliance system • Militarism • Germany’s ambition

5. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in 1914 • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Two Alliances • Triple Alliance • Triple Entente

6. The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions, 1914-1918

7. Stalemate, 1914-1918 • Western Front • Unbroken line of trenches • For __ years the war was inconclusive

8. The Home Front and the War Economy • Demands for trench warfare • Stringent controls (rationing) • Recruitment of: • British naval blockade • Africa • British and French overran German colonies • Used for crops, labor, and soldiers

9. The U.S. capitalized on the war. How?

10. The Ottoman Empire at War • Allies with Germany in 1914 • Unsuccessful against Russia • Deport of Armenians • Closed Dardanelles Straits • British subversion • Hussein ibn Ali of Mecca

11. Balfour Declaration of 1917 • “establishment of Jewish national homeland in Palestine” • Britain troops in Mesopotamia

12. Double Revolution in Russia, 1917 • Russian incompetent by 1916 • Czar (tsar) overthrown in 1917 • Vladimir Lenin’s “Bolshevik Revolution”

13. The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917-1918 • German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare brought the U.S. into war in April 1917. • Zimmerman Letter • The arrival of U.S. allowed Allies to counterattack against Germany. • Armistice signed on November 11th, 1918.

14. Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919-1929

15. The Impact of the War • Effects • Physical destruction • Refugees • Immigrants to: • Closed door policy • Influenza epidemic 1918-1919 • Killed over __ million people • Hastened mines, railroad, and factory production

16. The Peace Treaties • Paris Peace Conference • David Lloyd George • Woodrow Wilson • Georges Clemenceau • Treaty of Versailles • Humiliated Germany • War guilt clause • Reparations • Demilitarization • Austro-Hungarian Empire fell • New countries created from:

17. Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy • Russian Civil War • Continued 3 more years • By 1921, Communists defeated their political enemies • By 1922, the Soviet republic of Ukraine and Russia merged to create ________.

18. Soviet Union built a modern socialist industrial economy by extracting resources from the peasants in order to pay for industrialization. • Lenin dies in 1924, _____ succeeds.

19. An Ephemeral Peace • The decade after the end of the war can be divided into two periods: five years of painful recovery and readjustment (1919-1923) followed by six years of growing peace and prosperity (1924-1929). • Germany • French occupation • inflation

20. China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies

21. Social and Economic Change • China • Rapid population, unfavorable land, heavy taxation, and flooding • Social tension

22. Japan • Non-arable land, natural resources, natural disasters • Industrialization and economic growth caused social tension between zaibatsu and poor farmers • Prosperity depended on ____ and ____. Search Results • Page 13

23. Revolution and War, 1900-1918 • China • Boxer Affair in 1900 led to desire of overthrow of Qing and modernization of country. • Sun Yat-sen elected president but presidency turned over to general Yuan Shikai

24. Japan • Joined ____ in WW1 • Benefit from: • Conquered German colonies in China • Twenty One Demands

25. Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 1919-1929 • Paris Peace Conference • Allowed Japan to retain China • Protests in Beijing 1919 • Chinese warlords • Supported army through plunder and arbitrary taxation • Result:

26. In the 1920s China reorganized forming the Chinese Communist Party and industrial modernization. However, corruption and incompetent administration kept China poor.

27. The New Middle East

28. The Mandate System • German and Ottoman were given as colonies to the Allies. • German was Class B • Ottoman was Class A • Britain- Palestine, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan • France- Syria and Lebanon

29. The Rise of Modern Turkey • Mustafa Kemal formed a nationalist government in 1919 and reconquered Anatolia and area around Constantinople from W. Europe. • Modernization • Secular • Alphabet • Family • Women • Dress • resistance

30. Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine • Changes in Middle East • Nomads • Population grew 50% • Westernization • Maghrib (Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco) • France monopolized government jobs and businesses • Arabs and Berbers remained poor and suffered from discrimination

31. England • declared Iraq and Egypt independent in 1922 • Limit wave of Jewish immigration in Palestine that began in 1920

32. Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World

33. Class and Gender • Class • Declined and displays of wealth came to be regarded as _____. • Increase in white collar work • Decline in blue collar. Why? • Women • Suffrage 1915-1934 • No effect on politics. Why?

34. Revolution in the Sciences • Discover of sub-atomic particles, quanta, Einstein’s theory of relativity undermined _____’s physics and offered new opportunity for: • Innovation in social sciences challenged traditional values. • Sigmund Freud • Emile Durkheim

35. The New Technologies of Modernity • Airplanes • Radio • Film in 1920s • U.S., Japan, India, Turkey, Egypt • Diffusion on American culture • Health and hygiene • Medicine, sewage treatment, pluming, soap • Result:

36. Technology and the Environment • Skyscrapers • Automobiles • Replaced horses • Suburbs • Damns and canals • Generate electricity