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التعلم Dr. Ramez Bedwani

التعلم Dr. Ramez Bedwani. Outcome. Definition Types: I. Behavioral conditioning a. classical b. operant II. Cognitive. Definition of learning. Permanent (دائم) changes (تغير) in cognition or behavior that result from experience (خبرات).

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التعلم Dr. Ramez Bedwani

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  1. التعلم Dr. RamezBedwani

  2. Outcome • Definition • Types: I. Behavioral conditioning a. classical b. operant II. Cognitive

  3. Definition of learning Permanent (دائم) changes (تغير) in cognition or behavior that result from experience (خبرات)

  4. Learning new skills help emotional, social and personality development.

  5. Types of learning* • Behavioral: Learning depends on external causes (أسباب خارجية) • Cognitive: Acquiring Ideas(الأفكار) , beliefs (المعتقدات), knowledge(المعلومات العامة) & understanding (الفهم) need not be directly reflected in behavior.

  6. Behavioral* • Based on associations.الإرتباطات • Associations means that certain events go together. • Two kinds of behavioral (associative ) learning: • Classical conditioning . Associating a new stimulus(S) with an existingكائنresponse (R) (الإشتراط الكلاسيكى أو التقليدى) • Operant conditioning (الإشتراط الوسيلى أو الإجرائى)

  7. classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) (الإشتراط الكلاسيكى أو التقليدى) * Learning that one event followsتتبع another Stimulus determinesيحدد behavior Responsesالإستجابة are usually autonomic ( autonomic اللاإرادىNS) E.g : A baby learns that the sight of a bottle will be followed by a taste of milk. Smokers and coffee (craving for cigarettes) Operant conditioning = (reinforcement principle) (الإشتراط الوسيلى أو الإجرائى) Learning that a responseإستجابة made will be followed by a certain consequenceعواقب . Behavior determines effectالتأثير. New behaviors can be learned, they are voluntary and may be complex. (Voluntary الإرادىNS) E.g: a baby learns that hitting his younger brother is followed by disapproval إعتراضfrom his parents.

  8. Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) A child exposed to a loud noise (UCS) it cries(UCR), (Pre-training phase) (UCS---UCR) When the child is exposed to a hamster mouse (NS)…nothing happens! After that, first the hamster , then the loud noise are paired (associated) so the baby cries .(training phase) H+ UCS ----- UCR After several times, the hamster mouse (CS) alone makes the baby cry (CR), CS----CR and the CR is generalized to all furry animals.

  9. Explanation: • An originally meaninglessلامعنى neutral stimulus (NS) (gives no response) • conditioned stimulus (CS) evokesيحدث a new response (CR) after pairing (associationالإقتران ) with a stimulus; unconditioned stimulus (UCS). • UCS normally evokes that response ; unconditioned response (UCR) • A reflex behavior is elicited in response to a learned stimulus (CR). • Response are usually autonomic. • New responses can not be learned.

  10. Stages of classical conditioninig:*AERGD 1) Acquisition(إكتساب): • Gradual increase in CR following repeated association between the neutral s & UCS 2) Extinction(إنقراض) • is eliminating the learned response due to presenting CS several times without pairing with UCS 3) Spontaneous Recoveryالتعافى التلقائى)) • Weak return of response CR after extinction after rest CS is presented CR happens again

  11. 4) Stimulus Generalization(التعميم): CRoriginally conditioned to one specific stimulus, occurs when similar stimuli (to CS) are presented. Reaction to similarity 5) Stimulus Discriminationتمييز: Opposite to generalization, reaction to differences learning to respond (CR) to one specific stimulus (CS) but not to other similar stimuli

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