1 / 36

Lesson 2 — How Does A Computer Process Data?

Lesson 2 — How Does A Computer Process Data?. Computing Fundamentals. Objectives. Identify computer system components. Explain how the CPU works. Differentiate between RAM and ROM. Describe how data is represented. Objectives (cont.). Identify and describe the most common input devices.

livvy
Download Presentation

Lesson 2 — How Does A Computer Process Data?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lesson 2 — How Does A Computer Process Data? Computing Fundamentals

  2. Objectives • Identify computer system components. • Explain how the CPU works. • Differentiate between RAM and ROM. • Describe how data is represented. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  3. Objectives (cont.) • Identify and describe the most common input devices. • Identify and describe the most common output devices. • Identify and describe storage devices. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  4. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Bit Byte CD-ROM Central processing unit (CPU) Controller DVD Execution cycle (E-cycle) Hard disk drive Vocabulary Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  5. Impact printers Input devices Instruction cycle (I-cycle) Keyboard Main memory Memory Motherboard Mouse Network drive Nonimpact printers Vocabulary (cont.) Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  6. Optical storage devices Output devices Plotter Pointer Random access memory (RAM) Read-only memory (ROM) Scanner System clock Vocabulary (cont.) Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  7. System Components and IPOS A computer system requires many components to do its job: • Input: Some device or method to input data so it can be processed • Process: Circuits and programs in order to process the data • Output: Some type of output device to give the result of its processing to the user • Storage: Some mechanism for storing data Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  8. System Components Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  9. The Motherboard The motherboard is a circuit board inside the microcomputer’s plastic case. It contains integral components including • The central processing unit or CPU • Basic controllers • Expansion ports and slots • Memory Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  10. Diagram of aSimplified Motherboard Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  11. The Central Processing Unit • The CPU is a tiny silicon chip that acts as the brains of a computer system. • The chip contains switches and pathways that the CPU turns on and off according to instructions from computer programs. • The system clock is an electronic pulse that controls the speed of the CPU. The rate of the pulse is measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  12. The Central Processing Unit (cont.) The CPU has two primary sections: • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) • This section performs arithmetic and logical operations. • The Control Unit • This section coordinates all activity within the CPU. It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  13. Communicating with the CPU • The control unit reads and interprets program instructions and then changes it into machine language that the CPU can understand. • Data is stored in a computer in binary format as a series of 1s and 0s. Every 1 or 0 is a bit of information. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  14. Computer Memory • Data being processed by a CPU is stored in system memory. • Memory consists of addressable locations within the machine that the computer can access directly. • Data stored in memory is not permanent. If the power fails, everything in memory is lost. • Data must be stored on a disk or some other device when not being processed so it is not lost each time the computer shuts down. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  15. Types of Computer Memory There are two types of memory found on a motherboard: • RAM: Random Access Memory • ROM: Read-Only Memory RAM chip Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  16. Random Access Memory (RAM) • RAM is short-term memory where data is processed while a program is running. • Data stored here can be accessed and modified as needed. • This type of memory loses any data it holds if the computer is shut down. • RAM is also called main memory. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  17. The Instruction Cycle and theExecution Cycle in RAM The steps in the basic cycle involved in processing a program statement in RAM are shown at left in the figure. This process is called the instruction cycle since it must be performed for every instruction to be executed. The amount of time required to complete the instruction cycle is referred to as the execution cycle, shown at right in the figure. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  18. The Machine Cycle The instruction cycle and one or more execu-tion cycles create a machine cycle. Machine cycles are measured in micro-seconds. The faster your computer can process machine cycles, the faster it can process data. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  19. Read-Only Memory (ROM) • ROM is memory placed on the motherboard by the manufacturer and contains instructions, such as BIOS ROM, that tell the computer how to start itself. • This data cannot be accessed or modified by application programs. • The contents of this memory are not lost when the computer is shut down. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  20. Basic Controllers • A controller is a device that controls the transfer of data from the computer to a peripheral device and vice versa. • Controllers for standard peripheral devices are contained on a single chip on the motherboard. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  21. Expansion Ports and Slots • Ports are specialized plugs that connect peripheral devices to the computer’s motherboard. • Serial, Parallel, and Universal Serial Bus (USB) • Expansion slots are openings on the motherboard where a circuit board or memory chip can be added. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  22. How does the computer interpret letters and numbers? • A combination of 0s and 1s are used to represent every letter of the alphabet, numbers from 0 to 9, and special characters • A special system has been developed to help us communicate with the computer. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  23. Communicating with the CPU (cont.) • Computers use standardized coding systems (such as ASCII or EBCDIC) to determine what character or number is represented by what series of binary digits. • Data is stored in a series of 8-bit combinations called a byte. Every character, such as a letter, number, or punctuation mark, is a byte created from a unique combination of ones and zeros. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  24. Let’s Look at an example • Go to http://www.lookuptables.com/ • Look for the capital letter A • What DEC value is it? • The ASCII value for the capital letter A is 65 • Look for the lower case a • What DEC value is it? • The ASCII value for the lower case a is 97 • Look for the * • What DEC value is it? • The ASCII value for the * is 42 • Look for the numeral 7 • What DEC value is it? • The ASCII value for the numeral 7 is 55 Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  25. ASCII (cont’d) • Each ASCII value is associated with a number, a letter, or a special character. • The computer sees the number • We see the character that represents the number Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  26. ASCII (cont’d) • The ASCII number is converted to machine language (binary) so the computer can read it • Binary Numbering System consists of 2 numbers • 0 • 1 Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  27. Binary Numbering System

  28. Binary Numbering System • Consists of 2 digits • 0 • 1 Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  29. Decimal Numbering System • Consists of 10 digits • 0 to 9 Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  30. 0 1 10 11 100 111 1000 1111 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Binary vs. Decimal Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  31. Counting in Decimal Numbering System • The right-most position has a place value of 1 • The second right-most position has a place value of 10 • Each position following has a place value of 10 times the previous position Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  32. Decimal Place Values 00000000 10,000 1,000,000 100 1 10,000,000 10 1000 100,000 Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  33. Counting in Binary • The right-most position has a place value of 1 • The second right-most position has a place value of 2 • Each position following has a place value of 2* the previous position Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  34. Binary Place Values 0000 0000 64 16 1 4 2 128 8 32 Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  35. Summary (cont.) • Monitors can be monochromatic or full color and are available in a range of sizes with different screen resolution. • Printers are used to produce a paper or hard copy of the processed result. • Printers are classified as either impact (dot matrix) or nonimpact (laser and inkjet). Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

  36. Summary (cont.) • Other types of output devices include plotters, projectors, robotic controls, and voice synthesizers. • To maintain a permanent copy of data, you must store it on some type of storage medium. These may include floppy diskettes, hard disk drives, CDs or DVDs, magnetic tape cartridges, network drives, virtual storage, and flash memory cards. Computing Fundamentals Lesson 2

More Related