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ABOUT COMPUTER

ABOUT COMPUTER. COMPUTER. It is an Electronic Device which Accepts data supplied by the user. Inputs, Stores and Executes Instructions. Performs Mathematical and Logical Operations. Outputs Results according to the user Requirements. DATA.

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ABOUT COMPUTER

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  1. ABOUT COMPUTER Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  2. COMPUTER It is an Electronic Device which • Accepts data supplied by the user. • Inputs, Stores and Executes Instructions. • Performs Mathematical and Logical Operations. • Outputs Results according to the user Requirements. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  3. DATA • Is a collection of Facts, Figures, Statistics which can be processed to produce meaningful INFORMATION. • For example : • A list of items • Letters and documents • Presentations etc. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  4. PROCESS • Includes • CALCULATION • Addition, Substraction, Multiplication, Division. • COMPARISON • Equal to, Greater than, Lesser than, Positive, Zero, Negative. • DECISION MAKING • Branching to a different path depending on a condition. • LOGIC • The sequence or flow of step to be followed to get the desired result. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  5. HISTORY OF COMPUTER Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  6. HISTORY • In 1647, MECHANICAL CALCULATOR was invented and another in 1694. • The PUNCHED CARD was invented in 1801. • The CENSUS MACHINE was invented in 1887. • Between 1820 and 1870, the ANALYTICAL ENGINE was developed. • After this began the era of the ‘GENERATION OF COMPUTERS.’ Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  7. MECHANICAL CALCULATOR • Invented by a French boy, BLAISE PASCAL In 1647. • Also known as ADDING MACHINES. • Machine worked using TOOTHED WHEELS and could ADD and SUBSTRACT only. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  8. PUNCHED CARDS • Invented by a French weaver, JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD in 1801 to control his Mechanical Looms. • A woven pattern on cloth is often produced by lowering needles of various hues as each row of cloth is woven. • With hundreds of threads involved, the process could get extremely complicated. • These Punched Cards controlled the movement of the threads by the PRESENCE and ABSENCE of Holes. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  9. ANALYTICAL ENGINE • Created by CHARLES BABBAGE in 1820. • Machine had 50,000 moving parts worked by mechanical gears. • Meant for both Arithmetic Calculations and to Store Data. • He also created DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE in 1822. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  10. FIRST PROGRAMMER • A brilliant Mathematician, Lady AUGUSTA ADA LOVELACE assisted CHARLES BABBAGE in his creation. • She improved upon his ideas and invented new approaches to program design. • The Programming Language ADA is named in her honour. • She used a special number system called the BINARY NUMBER system. • Due to the above description, she is rightly known as the FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  11. AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR (ASCC) • Known as Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. • Built by a Harvard Professor, HOWARD AITKEN in 1937 with the help of his Students and Engineers. • It was known as MARK I. • Was 50 feet long, had 500 miles of wires and 1000s of relays. • Used till 1959. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  12. THE FIRST GENERATION • From 1946-1955 • Used VACUUM TUBES to Store DATA and Programming Instructions. • Data represented in 1(ON) and 0(OFF). • Vacuum tubes consumed large amount of electricity and produced large amounts of heat. • This led to the Second Generation of Computers. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  13. ENIAC • In 1946, ECKERT & MAUCHLY built the first ELECTRO-MECHANICAL computer called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator). • It required the physical setting of thousands of switches and had less storage space. • It got heated up very fast and thus had to be shut down very often to cool it. • This computer was 100 feet long, weighed 80 Tonnes, had 70,000 Resistors, over 18,000 Vacuum Tubes and consumed electricity of 1,50,000 Watts. • Each time a program was changed, the writing had to be completely redone. • In October 1955, ENIAC was completely turned off. • It was developed on Experimental Basis. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  14. EDSAC • Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator • Invented in 1949. • First to operate on the stored Program Concept. • Started operating in1951. • It was developed on Experimental Basis. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  15. EDVAC • Electronic Discrete Variable Automation Computer. • Used Punched Cards for DATA ENTRY and was able to Store Programs. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  16. UNIVAC • UNIVersal Automatic Computer. • Used about 10,000 Vacuum Tubes. • Performed SELF-CHECKING. • It could work even for 24 hours a day and used MAGNETIC TAPES as INPUT MEDIA. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  17. LEO • Lyons Electronic Office. • Became operational in 1951. • First computer used for Commercial Purpose. • Started running full DATA PROCESSING services in 1954. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  18. THE SECOND GENERATION • From 1956-1965 • Used Solid State TRANSISTORS (SEMICONDUCTORS) instead of VACUUM TUBES. • System speed increased than the First Generation Systems. • Example = ICT 1301 and IBM 1401. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  19. THE THIRD GENERATION • From 1966-1975 • Used INTEGRATED CIRCUITS on CHIPS (Thin Wafers of SILICON) of TRANSISTORS (may be 100 transistors per chip). • Could handle more than one operation simultaneously. • Example = ICL 1900, IBM 360 & SYSTEM 4. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  20. THE FOURTH GENERATION • From 1976-1985 • More circuits on a single chip were used. • This increased the amount of data that could be processed and stored in the memory chip. • Large Scale Integration (LSI) technology and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology were used. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  21. THE FIFTH GENERATION • From 1986 and continuing. • The entire processor of the computer can be put on a single chip. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  22. TYPES OF COMPUTERS Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  23. A LAPTOP • Is a small, slim attache case weighing around 2 to 4 kilograms. • Offers same power as a desktop machine. • Uses reduced keyboard and mouse. • Disadvantage is bulky, difficult to operate a mouse without desk. • E.g. Toshiba 5200C and Compaq’s SLT/286. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  24. A NOTEBOOK • Size is approximately 21 * 29.7 centimetres and weighs around 3 to 4 kilograms. • Same power as desktop machine. • E.g. Compaq’s Contura 3/20, Acer’s AnyWhere and from Zenith Computers Limited. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  25. A PALMTOP • Smallest in size (that of a pocket calculator). • Applications limited and built-in. • E.g. HP’s HP95LX comes configured with Lotus 123 spreadsheet. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  26. PC’s or Personal Computer • Is bulky, needs more space and not movable. • Large applications can be stored in it. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  27. SUPER COMPUTERS • Designed for Complex Scientific Application Processing Needs. • Is a MULTIUSER and EXPENSIVE. • Storage Capacity is between 64 MB to 4 GB. • Word Length is from 64 to 128 BITS. • Eg. CRAY, CRAY-2, NEX SX-2, ROBOT, PARAM 10000. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  28. A MAINFRAME COMPUTER • Also MULTIUSER • Used in CENTRALISED Centres. • Provides large storage capacity and faster CPU Speed. • Several MATH and LOGIC Processors are used. • Example - Dec 1090, Cyber 170, IBM 4300 Series, IBM360/370, UNIVAC 1100/60. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  29. A MINI COMPUTER • Multi-user System. • Allows 50 users at a time. • Storage capacity is from 2 to 16 MB. • Offers advantage of MAINFRAME at a lower cost. • First was PDP-8 launched in 1965. • Example - PPDP-8, PDP-II, VAX-7500, HCL-DAYSIS Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  30. A MICRO COMPUTER • Called PC as it is a SINGLE USER system. • Popular due to low rate. • Single chip contains PROCESSOR, REGISTERS and CONTROL UNIT. • Speed is only 100 Kilo Instructions Per Second (KIPS). • Maximum word length is 8, 16, 32 Bits. • Example - UPTRON-S-800, INTEL Series 8080 (PC), 80286 (PC-XT), 80386/80486 (PC-AT), PENTIUM (I/II/III- Upto 850 MHz), PENTIUM MMX. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  31. COMPONENTS Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  32. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE • HARDWARE includes the computer equipment that is • MECHANICAL • ELECTRICAL • ELECTRONIC PARTS of the system. • SOFTWARE is the program that instructs a computer how to process the Data and generate the required Information. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  33. TYPES AND USES • ANALOG Computers : used for measuring PHYSICAL QUANTITIES such as Temperature, Pressure etc. • DIGITAL Computers : Calculates Figures and Manages Text. • HYBRID Computers : is the combination of ANALOG and DIGITAL computers. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  34. ADVANTAGES • Fast Processing Speed. • Reduces Use of Paper. • Lifetime Storage of Data. • Efficiency does not Decrease with Age. • Very Accurate. • Performs Complicated Tasks in a very Short Time. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  35. DISADVANTAGES • Cannot Think. • Cannot try Various Alternatives. • Cannot Draw a Conclusion. • Does not Learn from Experience. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  36. STORAGE OF DATA • All digital computers store Numbers, Letters, and other Characters in CODED FORM. • The code used to represent characters is the BINARY CODE. • Every character is represented by a string of ‘0s’ and ‘1s’ - the only digits found in the BINARY numbering system. • Binary code is made of binary digits called BITS. • Most computers have words that consist of 8 or 16 BITS. • In larger computers the number of BITS could be 16, 32, 36 or 40. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  37. DATA STORAGE (MISC.) • ‘0’ or ‘1’ is called a BIT. • 4 bits make a NIBBLE. • Sequence of 8 bits is called a BYTE. • 8 bytes make a OCTET. • 1024 bytes make a KILOBYTE (KB). • 1024 KB make a MEGABYTE (MB). • 1024 MB make a GIGABYTE (GB). • 1024 GB make a TERABYTE (TB). Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  38. BINARY SYSTEM • Has a base of 2. • Symbols used are 0 and 1. • As we move to the left, the value of the digit will be two times greater than its predecessor. • Can be converted to octal, decimal and hexadecimal number systems. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  39. ASCII SYSTEM • American Standard Code for Information Interchange. • Uses 7 bits per character. • Provides 128 different arrangements including upper case, special symbols like *, %, +, hyphen(-), 10 decimal digits (0 - 9) and non-printable control characters like carriage return key. • Used to represent data internally in PCs. • Besides codes for characters, codes are also defined for End Of File, End Of Page etc. • These codes are called non-printable control characters. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  40. PERIPHERALS • Devices used with the computer system other than the computer itself. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  41. A MOTHERBOARD • Is the BRAIN of the system and controls all the functions of the computer. • Every hardware is connected to it for working. • It has the Central Processing Unit (CPU) fixed on it, which controls the working. • Serial and Parallel ports for Mouse and Printer connection; Hard Disk, Floppy Drive, CD-ROM Drive; Power, Reset, LED Switches; Keyboard, Joystick etc. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  42. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT • Is the HEART of the system. • Controls the working of the computer. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  43. CPU PROCESSOR TYPE & SPEED IN MHz • 286 = 10 MHz • 386 = 33, 44 MHz • 486 = DX2-66, DX4-100, DX4-S100, SX-33, SX2-40 MHz • 586 = 66, 100 MHz • PENTIUM = 100, 120, 133, 166, 200, 233 MHz Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  44. TYPE AND SPEED (CONT.) • CYRIX = 233, 300 MHz • CELERON = 233, 266, 300, 333, 350, 400, 433, 466 MHz • P-II = 233, 266, 300, 333, 350 MHz • P-III = 450, 500, 533, 550, 667, 700, 733, 766, 800, 850, 933 MHz • P-IV = 2GHz, 2.4GHz and more.. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  45. INPUT DEVICES • Keyboard • Mouse • Scanner • Barcode Reader • MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader) • Microphone Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  46. KEYBOARD • 101 Keys (PC-AT /ENHANCED) • 104 Keys (WINDOWS) • More than 104 Keys (INTERNET and MULTIMEDIA) • Resembles a TYPEWRITER • Has three categories • ALPHANUMERIC KEYS • Contains ALPHABETS(A - Z, a - z) and FIGURES(0 - 9), OTHERS(space, dot, comma, !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, ), -, +, /, <, >, [, ], ‘, “, ~, `, {, }, |, \ ) Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  47. KEYBOARD (CONT.) • Special keys : Perform Specific Tasks • BACKSPACE, DELETE (DEL), INSERT (INS), SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, SCROLL LOCK, NUM LOCK, CONTROL (CRTL), ALTER (ALT), ESCAPE (ESC), RETURN (ENTER). • FUNCTION KEYS : for SHORTHAND • F1 TO F12 (F1 FUNCTION KEY IS USED AS A HELP KEY IN MOST OF THE SOFTWARES). Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  48. MOUSE • Invented by a Scientist DUGLES C. ENGELWART in 1977 at STANFORD Research Laboratory. • Previously known as POINTING DEVICE. • 2 types are Mechanical and Optical. • One, Two and Three Buttons. • Movement is measured in HUNDREDTHS of an INCH. • Function of each button is determined by the program that uses the mouse. • A three-button mouse is quite suitable for Multimedia and Internet. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  49. MOUSE (CONT.) • MECHANICAL • the ball that projects through the bottom surface rotates as the mouse is moved along a flat surface. • the direction of rotation is detected and relayed to the computer by the switches inside the mouse. • E.g. Microsoft, IBM and Logitech • OPTICAL • uses a light beam instead of a rotating ball to detect movement across a specially patterned mouse pad. • E.g. MSC Corp. mouse Press SPACE BAR to continue...

  50. SCANNER • Used to reproduce photographs on the computer screen • FLATBED • Can scan and store images from books without removing the page. • ROLLER-FEED • Image is passed over a roller where it is captured. Press SPACE BAR to continue...

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