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Chemical Considerations in Stream Restoration Paul Capel Research Team Leader

Chemical Considerations in Stream Restoration Paul Capel Research Team Leader National Water Quality Assessment Program U.S. Geological Survey Adjunct Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering University of Minnesota capel001@umn.edu Photo: www.ctpurcellinc.com/gallery.htm.

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Chemical Considerations in Stream Restoration Paul Capel Research Team Leader

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  1. Chemical Considerations in Stream Restoration Paul Capel Research Team Leader National Water Quality Assessment Program U.S. Geological Survey Adjunct Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering University of Minnesota capel001@umn.edu Photo: www.ctpurcellinc.com/gallery.htm

  2. “Big Picture” Perspective of Chemicals in Streams Cl- Photos: http://www.sharnoffphotos.com, http://www.evsc.virginia.edu

  3. Questions for You ! • What do chemicals have to do with stream restoration? • What chemicals are of importance to stream restoration? Why? • What questions would you like addressed during this class?

  4. THE “OLIVE THEORY” OF THE BEHAVIOR AND TRANSPORT OF CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT Properties of the Chemical - water solubility - vapor pressure - Henry’s Law - acid / base - charge - size - reactivity ..... Properties of the Environment - temperature - pH - salinity - kind of solids - amount of solids - amount of water - bacteria ....

  5. Chemical-based Concerns -- Toxicity, health effects(human, ecosystem) -- Accumulation in biota (human, ecosystem) -- Accumulation in hydrologic system (volume loss, disposal, legacy, …) -- Ecosystem / habitat change

  6. Energy and Carbon Flow in Streams Source: http://www.mrothery.co.uk/ecology

  7. “Needs” for a Healthy Stream Ecosystem -- Light -- Heat (relatively stable temperature) -- Habitat -- Dissolved oxygen -- Carbon -- Nutrients (N, P) -- Lack of toxic chemicals -- Biotic diversity -- ….

  8. Chemical Distribution among Environmental Phases liquid (water), air, solid

  9. Chemical Distribution among Environmental Phases Solids-Water Distribution concentration of the chemical on solid (mg/kg) concentration of the chemical in water (mg/L) Air-Water Distribution concentration of the chemical in air (mg/m3) concentration of the chemical in water (mg/L) Kd = Kaw =

  10. Holistic Perspectives of Chemicals in Streams

  11. EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTIONS OF CHEMICALS AMOUNG SOLIDS, WATER, AND AIR Capel et al., USGS, in review

  12. Chemical Transformations Induced by (external energy): - light - biota - chemical - hydrolysis - oxidation - reduction - heat “Half-life”: time for 50% to be transformed “Environmental lifetime” of a chemical = 6 half-lives (~1% remains)

  13. Holistic Perspectives of Chemicals in Streams

  14. Legacy Chemicals Legacy Chemicals Capel et al., USGS, in review

  15. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest Important Redox Elements -- Oxygen -- Nitrogen -- Manganese -- Iron -- Sulfur -- Carbon -- Carbon -- Nutrients (N, P) -- Salts -- Sediment -- Trace Elements -- Organic chemicals -- Pathogens

  16. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest: Carbon -- Natural Organic Matter (NOM, DOC, ...) -- Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals Source: http://www.acadiau.ca/~jmurimbo

  17. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest: Nutrients (N, P) -- necessary for growth (limiting nutrient)

  18. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest: Salts -- major ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, SO4--, HCO3-) -- Sources: -- road salt -- irrigation return -- natural -- seawater intrusion

  19. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest: Sediment -- as particles themselves turbidity, erosion, sedimentation, ... -- as carriers of chemicals

  20. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest: Trace Elements -- low-abundance cations copper, zinc, mercury, chromium, arsenic, ... iron, manganese, aluminum, ... -- Sources: -- anthropogenic -- natural -- mobilized by redox changes (As, Se) Copper sulfate Kesterson Reservoir, CA

  21. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest: Organics Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, PBDE, PFOS, pesticides, detergents, disinfectants, pharmaceuticals, plastics, personal care products, ...

  22. “Chemicals” of Particular Interest: Pathogens -- microorganisms that cause disease bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses Staphylococcus E. coli

  23. Important Redox Elements -- Oxygen -- Nitrogen -- Manganese -- Iron -- Sulfur -- Carbon Source: http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325

  24. SOIL-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS Mineral surfaces Air Water Chemical Organic matter Photo: Karnok, 2003, Australian Turfgrass Management

  25. CHEMICAL CONTROLS ON SOIL-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS Vapor pressure (V) Henry’s Law constant (~V/S) Water Solubility (S) Charge and reactivity

  26. EQUATIONS – FOR THE ENGINNERS ! Solids-Water Distribution concentration of the chemical on solid (mg/kg) concentration of the chemical in water (mg/L) Air-Water Distribution concentration of the chemical in air (mg/m3) concentration of the chemical in water (mg/L) Kd = Kaw =

  27. EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTIONS OF CHEMICALS AMOUNG SOLIDS, WATER, AND AIR Capel et al., USGS, in review

  28. EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTIONS OF CHEMICALS AMOUNG SOLIDS, WATER, AND AIR Capel et al., USGS, in review

  29. Legacy Chemicals Legacy Chemicals Capel et al., USGS, in review

  30. Nitrate as a Legacy Chemical

  31. Sediment as a Legacy “Chemical” Source: http://www.fws.gov/digitalmedia

  32. DDT and Friends as Legacy Chemicals Many trace elements, too! Dredging sediments! Source: Gilliom et al., USGS Circular 1291

  33. Landscape Changes: Improved Irrigation Furrow / Flood to Sprinkler Central Washington <1980s  present

  34. Landscape Changes: Improved Irrigation • Granger Drain • Yakima River

  35. Landscape Changes: Improved Irrigation Unfortunate result ...

  36. Excess Irrigation: “Delta” Region (Mississippi)

  37. Excess Irrigation: “Delta” Region (Mississippi)

  38. Excess Irrigation: “Delta” Region (Mississippi) Big Sunflower River (kind of ....)

  39. Influence of Water Flowpaths to the Stream

  40. Influence of Water Flowpaths

  41. Influence of Water Flowpaths to the Stream Nitrate concentrations and watershed yields for agricultural streams with various types of dominant water flowpaths

  42. Agricultural Ditches Southfork of the Iowa River Source: http://www.southforkwatershed.org

  43. Starts in three tile drains, emerges from a culvert, …

  44. and turns into a very beautiful stream.

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