The War draws to a close

1. The War draws to a close * Russia withdrew before American’s entrance (Bolshevik) * New Government in Germany: New Chancellor • November 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary signed armistice • November 11, 1918 Representative of the provisional German government signed an armistice

2. Should the United States have ratified or rejected the Treaty of Versailles? • Summarize the 14 points • Summarize the Treaty of Versailles • Debate over Senate Ratification • H.W.: Chapter 25: Essay outline • Answering the essential question • Due Friday

3. Wilson’s Fourteen Points To End All Wars Power point created by Robert Martinez Primary content material obtained from History Alive! Photographs and Illustrations as cited.

4. On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson went before Congress to explain his war aims. • Although the war was still raging, he stated an ambitious program to make the world “fit and safe to live in.” • He called his blueprint for peace the Fourteen Points. http://207.150.180.135/images/en/thumb/f/fd/300px-Wilson_announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg

5. Wilson’s Arrival in France • 1st president to travel overseas while in office • European shared excitement, believed that Wilson wanted to help

6. End Causes of War • The 1st goal of Wilson’s peace plan was to eliminate the causes of wars. http://www.stmarystoday.com/features/0609wwilson.jpg

7. Self-Determination • A 2nd goal was to ensure the right to self-determination for ethnic groups so they could control their own political futures. Street in Paris, France http://www.flickr.com/photos/bruinmccon/451546861/

8. League of Nations • The last goal called for setting up an international organization called the League of Nations to ensure world peace. • Member nations would agree to protect one another’s independence and territorial integrity. http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/1919/Panorama%20dlG%20-%20Versailles%20003.jpg

9. Territorial Integrity • Under the principle of territorial integrity, nations respect one another’s borders and do not try to gain another country’s territory by force. http://www.royal.gov.uk/files/images/Insight_Nov2003_Focus_GVWW_large.jpg

10. Fourteen Points 1 • Point One- Countries would not make secret treaties and alliances. • Secret alliances had been a cause of WW I. http://chakotay.candw.ky/users/cay11394/world%20handshake.jpg

11. Fourteen Points 2 • Ships would be able to travel freely in times of war. • U-boat attacks on shipping had drawn the United States into WWI. http://collectinghistory.net/WWI%20U-boat.jpg

12. Fourteen Points 3 • Free trade among countries would promote economic growth and reduce trade conflicts that could draw nations into war. http://www.amsouth.com/graphics/FreeTrade.jpg

13. Fourteen Points 4 • Countries would reduce their stockpiles of weapons. • Militarism had been a cause of WW I. http://www.flickr.com/photos/orange27/1282521427/ http://img.search.com/c/cd/300px-British_Mark_IV_Tadpole_tank.jpg

14. Fourteen Points 5 • The desires of colonial peoples would be taken into consideration in creating a more peaceful world. • Imperialism and competition for colonies had been a cause of WW I. http://www.miracosta.edu/home/llane/courses/hist111/pw/images/imperialism.gif

15. Fourteen Points 6-13 • Restoring land taken from countries by war would restore respect for international law. • Redrawing borders on the basis of self-determination would reduce conflicts among ethnic groups. http://www.aguilarfence.com/Broken_Fence.jpg

16. Fourteen Points 14 • Countries would work together in the League of Nations to resolve conflicts before those conflicts escalated into war. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Pics/81486sm.gif

17. The Treaty of Versailles • The Treaty of Versailles negotiated in Paris redrew the map of Europe, granting self-determination to some groups. • Some Allies sought revenge on Germany, insisting on a war-guilt clause and reparations from Germany. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11201/11201-h/images/175.png

18. The Big Four • When the heads of the 4 major Allies- France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States (The Big Four) – met in Paris for peace talks, they were more focused on self-interest than on Wilson’s plan. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/chimage.php?image=2007/2037/versailles.jpg

19. Wilson’s Plan Crumbles France was concerned with security. France hoped to weaken Germany to the point that it could never threaten France again by greatly reducing its army. http://toyblog.typepad.com/lemon/broken-rock.jpg http://www.kingma.nu/images/Noorwegen/nor-2-42.jpg

20. “Hang the Kaiser” • Lloyd George of England, insisted that Germany accept responsibility for starting the war by inclusion of the war-guilt clause. • The treaty required Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies. http://www.flickr.com/photos/15693951@N00/518543078/

21. Reparations • Reparations are payments demanded of a defeated nation by the victor in a war to offset the cost of the war. • Germans resented both the war-guilt clause and reparations, fearing that the payments would cripple their economic recovery.

22. Wilson Compromises The other countries had lost many lives and property, and they expected compensation. The Allies had borrowed huge sums form American banks to finance the war. They hoped to repay these debts with reparations from Germany. Wilson reluctantly agreed to the harsh treatment of Germany. http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/graphics/wilson3.jpg

23. Dividing the Spoils • Parts of Germany were given to France, Poland, Denmark, and Belgium, with little thought about the desires of the people living there. • Britain, France, Italy, and Japan grabbed German colonies in China, the Pacific, and Africa. • Mandates: territories controlled by the League of Nations, Syria, Iraq, Lenanon, Palestine

24. League of Nations Charter • Wilson hoped that including the League of Nations in the final treaty would make up for his compromises on other issues. • He believed that by providing collective security and a framework for peaceful talks, the League would fix many problems the treaty had created. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15937/15937-h/images/image135h.jpg

25. Collective Security • Wilson believed that the League would maintain peace by providing collective security for its members. • Collective security is a commitment by many countries to join together to deal with a nation that threatens peace. http://www.tifaux.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/superfriends.jpg

26. Ratifying the Versailles Treaty • Wilson required a 2/3 majority vote from the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaty. http://www.amerika.nl/politiek/images/serie/wilsonziek.jpg

27. Opposition, Wavering • Reservationists, such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, were concerned with Article 10 of the League’s charter. This article focused on collective security. • It required member nations to work together, and even supply troops, to keep peace. • Reservationists feared this would draw the U.S. into wars without approval from Congress. • Wanted to add phrase • “unless…Congress shall … so provide.” http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW1Pics/81579.jpg

28. Opposition, Resolute • Irreconcilables • Reject treaty in any form that included an international organization that might draw the nation into war. • William Borah of Idaho • “get along better without intervention” • Connected to George Washington's Farewell Address

29. Support • Internationalists • Senate Democrats • Believed in greater cooperation among the nations could work for the benefit of all • U.S. was already a major world power, and should take its rightful place • Rather than focus on the U.S. being forced to enter the war, they focused on the League’s role in keeping the peace.

30. Taking It to the People • President Wilson decides to gain public support directly by planning a nationwide speaking tour. http://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/images/exhibit/wwflagday%20copy.jpg

31. Wilson’s Tour • The president embarked on a 8,000–mile speaking tour of the West. He spoke up to 4 times a day. • On September 25, 1919, the president collapses in Pueblo, Colorado. • His doctor stopped the tour, and Wilson’s train sped back to Washington D.C. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson1.jpg

32. Assistant President –1st American Woman President ? • A few days after returning to the White House, Wilson has a major stroke that leaves him paralyzed (dying months later.) • Wilson’s wife, Edith, is called the “assistant president,” for making decisions on behalf of her husband. First Lady Edith Wilson President Wilson’s Funeral http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson1.jpg

33. Partisanship defeats the Treaty • In the end, Partisan politics and Wilson’s refusal to compromise led to the treaty’s rejection and ended Wilson’s hopes for U.S. membership in the League of Nations. http://study.abingdon.org.uk/history/lofn.jpg

34. Inflation and Unemployment • Issues closer to home occupy most American concerns, including inflation and unemployment. http://mypages.allwest.com/~llee/storage/soup_kitchen_small.jpg

35. In class: Talk it Out Debate • Senators debating the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles • Internationalists • Senators who support the ratification • Irreconcilables • Senators who want to reject the Treaty

36. Prompt 1 • Irreconcilable: Honorable Senator, the Treaty of Versailles is clearly full of flaws. How can you support it?

37. Prompt 2 • Internationalist: My esteemed colleague, you say that the treaty is “full of flaws”, but I wonder, can you even describe two of them?

38. Prompt 3 • Irreconcilable: Senator, it looks to me like that League of Nations could drag the states into a lot of trouble. Why do you admire it so much?

39. Prompt 4 • Internationalist: My fellow senator: you talk about the League causing trouble. Just what kind of trouble are you talking about?

40. Prompt 5 • Irreconcilable: Why can’t you internationalist understand that out national sovereignty is more important than foolish dreams of collective security?

41. Prompt 6 • Internationalist: Are you kidding? Do you irreconcilables ever consider that collective security might have prevented this tragic war from ever occurring in the first place?