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Bringing the Cold War to a Close

Bringing the Cold War to a Close. Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, & Bush I. The 70’s. Economy poor-high inflation Gas crisis End Vietnam War Political scandals Foreign conflicts. Richard Nixon. Elected 1968 VP Gerald Ford Conservative Republican

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Bringing the Cold War to a Close

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  1. Bringing the Cold War to a Close Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, & Bush I

  2. The 70’s • Economy poor-high inflation • Gas crisis • End Vietnam War • Political scandals • Foreign conflicts

  3. Richard Nixon • Elected 1968 • VP Gerald Ford • Conservative Republican • Secretary of State Kissinger starts policy realpolitik (U.S. should not base foreign policy on principles only national interest) • Ex-don’t fight communism unless something in it for us

  4. Nixon • Vietnamization • SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks -In Moscow with Brezhnev -Limit building new defense & offensive weapons (By now we have ABM-antiballistic missile-which are defense weapons)

  5. Nixon • OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exportation Countries) -Because of US support for Israel during Yom Kippur War, Arab nations place embargo on US for oil -Caused high gas prices, long lines, and increase cost of products due to shipping (led to gas crisis)

  6. Nixon • Environment -After Silent Spring pass Clean Air Act to regulate air pollution and establishes the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) • Space Race -Apollo 11 get to the moon 1969 • Economy -Time of inflation & rising prices • 26th Amendment-changed voting age to 18 after Vietnam War

  7. Watergate • 5 men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee Office at Watergate • Investigate further involvement through presidential tapes • Nixon resigns August 1974 • Gerald Ford becomes president

  8. Gerald Ford • VP to Nixon • 1974-1977 • Pardoned Nixon

  9. Jimmy Carter • 1977-1981 • Democrat • VP Walter Mondale

  10. Foreign Policy • Camp David Accords: In Maryland, met with Egyptian President al-Sadat & P.M. Begin from Israel • 1. Would recognize each other as a country • 2. Resolve issues in Palestine • 3. Agree to a peace treaty

  11. Foreign Policy • Panama Canal: treaty gave the canal back to Panama in 1999 • SALT II: extended SALT I limited certain kinds of nuclear weapons

  12. Soviets Invade Afghanistan • 1978 coup overthrows government • 1979 Soviets invade to help stabilize communist rule • U.S. will help fund rebels against Soviets • * Osama Bin Laden & Taliban will come into the picture

  13. Iranian Hostage Crisis • 1979: Shah ousted from power • Islamic leader Ayatollah Khomeini comes to power & preaches anti-American sentiment • Shah comes to US for medical treatment • Nov. 4 angry Iranians invade US embassy and take 66 Americans hostage • Send military and helicopter crash causes 8 deaths • * Hostages will not all be released until Jan. 20, 1981 under Reagan

  14. Title IX • 1972: Can not discriminate against gender in school activities • 1979: extended to sports

  15. Policies of Carter • Humanitarian • Encouraged Americans to save energy and not rely on Middle Eastern oil • Time of high inflation, prices, and unemployment

  16. Fashion & Fads of the 70s

  17. Ronald Reagan • 1981-1989 • Republican • VP George Bush Sr.

  18. Assassination Attempt • Did he break the “O” factor? • March 1981-just 69 days into office John Hinckley Jr shots 6 as Reagan leaves speech • Just missed heart and lodged in lung • “Honey, I forgot to duck”

  19. Sandra Day O’Connor • 1981-First Female Supreme Court Justice

  20. Reaganomics • Supply-side economics • Tax cuts to business and wealthy will trickle down to the poor • Business will hire more workers and rich will invest • Cut government spending yet increased military spending

  21. Cold War Policies • Strategic Defense Initiative: known as Star Wars wanted to build shield in space • Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union • Glasnost and Perestroika: -has free elections -stops censorship

  22. Lebanon • Civil War between Muslims & Christians • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) used Lebanon as base to attack Israel • 1983 send Marines • October 1983 suicide bomber kills 241 Marines by driving into Beirut barracks

  23. Nicaragua • 1979 communist group overthrows dictator of Nicaragua • U.S. funds an opposition group called the Contras trained by CIA • Congress bans funding of Contras after secret activities are done • *Led to Iran Contra Hearing

  24. Iran-Contra Affair • 1985: US sells weapons to Iran for release of hostages • Money is used to fund Contras in Nicaragua against the Congressional ban • Colonel Oliver North tried, convicted, & overturned • Could not prove Reagan involved

  25. HIV & AIDS • 1981: HIV is discovered • Immune disorder • 25 mil. People have died between 1981-2006

  26. George Bush Sr. • 1989-1993 • Republican • VP Dan Quayle

  27. End of the Soviet Union • By 1989 the Berlin Wall falls • Eastern European countries like Poland elect a president (Lech Walesa) or go through revolt (Czechoslovakia & Romania) • Gorbachev ousted in 1991 • Boris Yeltsin becomes leader • *The Soviet Union is no more and the Cold War ends

  28. China • April 1989 college students led pro-democracy protest in Tiananmen Square in capital of Beijing • June 4 tanks sent in open fire killing hundreds • US places arms embargo on China

  29. Panama • Manuel Noriega- head of Panama military in 1980s • Smuggled drugs to US • US marine killed in Dec. • 1989 arrested by US • *Played Metallica to get him out • Convicted & jailed-now lives in Paris

  30. Operation Desert Storm • August 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait • Give Jan. 15, 1991 deadline • On Feb 23-US, Britain, France, & Arab countries invade Iraq • 128 Americans killed • Iraq forces retreat • *Some Americans felt Bush should have continued to go after Saddam

  31. Space Race • Space shuttle-first reusable space craft • April 1981-Columbia • Jan 28, 1986-Challenger explodes on lift-off • Christa McAuliffe -1st civilian in space and teacher killed • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfnvFnzs91s

  32. Fads & Fashion of the 80s Hair Bands Poison, Bon Jovi, Motley Crue Fashion Atari

  33. 9/11 • Sept. 11, 2001 • World Trade Centers attacked • Mastermind Al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden • Killed May 2, 2011

  34. Operation Iraq Freedom 2003 • Second Gulf War • Began March 20, 2003 • Led by G.W.Bush (U.S) & Prime Minister Tony Blair (Great Britain)

  35. Suspicions: • Thought had Weapons of Mass Destruction • In 2002, allowed U.N. inspection and nothing found • May have stopped in 1991 after 1st Gulf War • Funding Al-Qaeda? (Not proven) • Funding Palestinian suicide bombers

  36. The Kurds • Between 1986-1989 Saddam’s regime targeted the Kurds • Al-Anfal Campaign: Recognized as the Kurdish genocide targeted Kurds in Northern Iraq (Deaths unknown ~182,000 to 1.2-2.1 million) • Halabja Gas Attack: March 16, 1988 at end of Iran-Iraq War (~5,000 killed; many more injured)

  37. Fallujah • First battle April 2003 after invaded • March 31, 2004-4 Blackwater employees killed, burned and hung from bridge over Euphrates • Led to two U.S. invasions and siege of city • Insurgents hid in mosques • U.S. reportedly used white phosphorous gas • 60% city destroyed; 6,000 civilian deaths

  38. Results: • Baghdad fell on April 9th (Saddam ruled 24 years) • April 15th invasion declared over (????) • December 13, 2003 Saddam captured • Hung December 30, 2006

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