Properties of Water

1. Properties of Water • Watch this video: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html • Write down at least 5 things you learned while watching! (Use complete sentences please.) Properties of Water • Cohesive Properties • Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____ together because of ________________. • Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to the difference in ______________ between H and O atoms. stick Hydrogen bonding electronegativity

3. other Water movement • Adhesive Properties • Adhesion- ______ molecules stick to _____ molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This allows for _________ of water along surfaces. Water to water Water to non-water

4. hot cold energy • Thermal Properties- Absorbs heat when ___ and releases heat when _____. • High specific heat capacity. Requires more ______ in order to raise the temperature. • Therefore, temperature remains _______ comparatively to air or land. stable

5. dense float • Water is most ______ at 4 °C. • Allows ice to ______ • Allows aquatic organisms to live below the ice

6. vaporize coolant • Broad range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C. • To _________, lots of heat is required which makes water a good evaporative ________. • Example: Water in a lake during a hot summer day. • (Draw body of water with land) • Why useful? • When water evaporates, large amounts of ___________ are used to break the bonds which results in a large ___________ effect. • Ex. Sweating (water acts as a coolant) heat cooling

9. chemical • Solvent properties • Water is the universal solvent- most ________ reactions in organisms occur with water. • Ex. In plants, blood and sap that flow through the vascular system are water based. • Due to its _____ nature, water forms shells around charged and polar molecules which prevents them from clumping, keeping them in ___________ • Ex. NaCl in water • Why useful? • ___________ substances in water can from a mixture where chemical reactions can occur. Ex. Metabolism in ___________. polar solution Dissolved cytoplasm

14. donor • Acid and bases • H2O  H+ + OH- • Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________ • Bronsted-Lowry Base- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________ • pH Scale • Acid: __ 7 • Base: __ 7 • Each pH unit represents a ______ difference in H+ and OH- concentrations 10-14= [H+][OH-] • pH 2 solution is ____ times as acidic as a pH 4 solution. acceptor < > tenfold 100

15. minimizes • Buffers • Definition: a buffer is a substance that __________ changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. • Ex. Human blood pH stays very close to 7.4 due to buffers. pH <7 or pH >7.8 may result in death. • How does a buffer work? • A buffer __________ hydrogen ions from solution when H+ is in excess and __________ H+ ions when they have been depleted. • Ex. H2CO3 • buffer link 1 accepts donates

17. Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life ELECTRONS • Carbon has a total of 6 __________ with 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second (valence) shell. • In order to complete its __________ shell, it would have to donate or accept 4 electrons • Instead, carbon usually __________ its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds to complete its valence shell • Ex. CH4 VALENCE SHARES https://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/this_1.JPG/45032109/this_1.JPG http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/images/carbon-hydrogen-e-dots.gif

18. Types of Carbon Molecules ORGANIC • Hydrocarbons • __________ molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. • Hydrocarbons are the major components of _____________ (fossil fuels). • Example: Fat molecule p. 61 Fig. 4.6 • Contains a small non-hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails. • ______ can be broken down to provide energy. • Example: __________ - composed of hydrocarbons PETROLEUM TAIL GASOLINE http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/hydrocarbonsMore.jpg

19. VARIATION PROPERTIES Isomers • __________ in the structure of organic molecules can be seen in isomer. Different structures= different ____________. • Types: • ______________ isomers: differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. • ___________ isomers- same covalent partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonds. • Cis-trans isomers i.e. C2H2Cl2 STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIC

20. ENANTIOMERS • _______________- molecules that are mirror images of each other • contains a middle carbon attached to four __________ atoms or groups of atoms. • Atoms can be arranged in two different ways that are __________ images: Left handed, right handed versions. • One is usually active and the other is ___________. DIFFERENT MIRROR INACTIVE

21. GEOMETRIC STRUCTURAL http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/exams/3513/351f98/351mt98sd.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg/200px-3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/D-DOPA.png/200px-D-DOPA.png D-DOPA (INACTIVE) L-DOPA ENANTIOMERS

23. Organic Compouds • What does it mean to be organic? • Organic compounds- any molecule which contains ___________. Exceptions: hydrogen _____________ and the oxides of carbon • The word “organic” meant “___________” and still is used in that way although many inorganic substances are important to life and some organic substances such as ___________and petrol are not found in living things. CARBON CARBONATES LIVING PLASTIC http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/13566282/2/stock-illustration-13566282-cartoon-train-cars.jpg http://www.cmu.edu/maty/images/8a-route-1.jpg

24. POLYMER TRAIN • Macromolecules • ___________- long molecule made up of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (think: _______ with many cars). • ___________: small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers • Reactions- p. 69 Fig 5.2 • Condensation Reaction (________________________) • ___________ Reaction MONOMERS DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS

27. Carbohydrates CARBON • Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars. • Carbohydrates contain ___________, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of ________________. 1C:2H:1O (CH2O)

28. MONOSACCHARIDES RESPIRATION • Types of carbohydrates • ___________________- monomers or sub-units of carbohydrates. • Important in cellular _____________ and synthesis of materials • Examples: Ribose, ___________, and glucose, and ______________. Structures: Glucose: Ribose: FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.chem.wsu.edu/chem102/102-GlucStr.html http://palaeos.com/fungi/fpieces/images/Glucose.gif

29. DISACCHARIDE LINKAGE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE • ________________- carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic __________. • Examples: Maltose is 2 __________ molecules. Sucrose is one __________ and one _________. Lactose is one __________ and one __________. • _________________-carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides. Examples: ___________, glycogen, cellulose GLUCOSE GALACTOSE POLYSACCHARIDES STARCH PLANTS PLANTS ANIMALS

33. State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.

34. Lipids HYDROPHOBIC • Lipids are grouped together because they are _____________. • Category of molecules that includes steroids, waxes, fatty acids, and _____ (fats if solid at room temp, oil if liquid) • Functions of Lipids • can serve as ___________insulation • Can serve as a source of ___________ storage. • Can provide ___________ • ex. ___________in arctic marine animals. • How to make a triglyceride (fat) • Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of ___________creating a triglyceride and releasing three molecules of water. (______________ reaction) p. 75 Fig. 5.11 OILS THERMAL ENERGY BUOYANCY BLUBBER GLYCEROL DEHYDRATION

38. Lipids Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats • Saturated Fats • No double bonds which allows the greatest number of _____________ to be attached to the carbon skeleton • Includes most animal fats • Solid at room temp HYDROGENS http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg

39. DOUBLE • Unsaturated Fats • Has 1 or more ___________ bonds and thus fewer hydrogen atoms • A kink in the chain will occur whenever a cis double bond occurs (as opposed to trans double bonds – • ie ______ fats found in hydrogenated veg. oil) • Includes plant and fish oils • Liquid at room temp • Nutrition! TRANS

41. Phospholipids MEMBRANE 2 • essential for cell ___________composition • Similar to fat molecule, but only have ____ fatty acids attached to glycerol • The 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group (these can in turn bond to other molecules) • Hydrocarbon tail is ___________ (inside the bilayer), phosphate group is ___________ (face outward) • ______________– carbon skeleton composed of 4 fused rings with different chemical groups attached • Includes many ___________ and cholesterol • _____ can affect cholesterol levels NONPOLAR POLAR STEROIDS HORMONES FAT http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/phopholipid%20bilayer.jpg http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/lipid/P-lipid.gif

42. How do lipids and carbohydrates compare? • Similarities: both used for energy storage • Differences: • Lipids • are used for ______________ energy storage. • have ___________as much energy per gram. • ___________ in water • Carbohydrates • are used as energy sources ___________. • are more soluble and ___________to transport • have a stronger impact on osmotic ___________. LONG TERM TWICE INSOLUBLE FIRST EASIER PRESSURE

47. Amino Acids and Proteins (20 AAs) • Amino acid formula:R group is what determines the ___________. • ___________ bond- is the covalent bond that occurs between two amino acids (between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of another) • Condensation- joins amino acids • Hydrolysis- separates amino acids. • Ex. • Amino acids (___________) can combine to make polypeptides (polymers) called ___________. • The peptide bond occurs between the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. • ____ total amino acids can combine to create many different proteins AMINO ACID PEPTIDE MONOMERS PROTEINS 20