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Introduction to Metabolism

Introduction to Metabolism. SBI4U Biology. What does Metabolism mean?. The overall process by which an organism obtains nutrients, deals with them, and extracts energy from them. How the organism uses that energy.

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Introduction to Metabolism

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  1. Introduction to Metabolism SBI4U Biology

  2. What does Metabolism mean? • The overall process by which an organism obtains nutrients, deals with them, and extracts energy from them. • How the organism uses that energy. • The specific biochemical processes that happen at the cellular level to allow this. • Energy Balance

  3. ANABOLISM: ‘building up’ forming cells, tissues… going from simpler molecules to more complex ones. synthesis of polymers CATABOLISM: ‘breaking down’ digesting nutrients, ingesting food… going from more complex molecules to simpler ones hydrolysis of polymers Metabolism has two phases:

  4. Ingestion Digestion Hydrolysis You eat an egg so that you can obtain amino acids for your own body’s use. Catabolism!

  5. Growth Repair Polymerization Using the amino acids from that egg you ate to build muscle. Anabolism!

  6. It’s a big give & take:

  7. BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate • Basal = most basic, lowest • Genetically determined • The metabolic cost of staying alive • i.e., the energy for life processes such as breathing, circulation, nerve function, body heat, etc. • Can be increased temporarily

  8. BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate • BMR changes with age:

  9. Factors affecting Metabolism: • Highest in infancy, Lowest in old age • Level of activity & Exercise • Stress • Fever • Dietary choices

  10. Factors affecting Metabolism: • Thyroid gland = one of our main organs regulating metabolic rate. • Hyperactive = weight loss • Hypoactive = weight gain

  11. Balance matters: Energy in > Energy out = weight gain Energy out > Energy in = weight loss Eating disorders can complicate matters.

  12. We think this is a recent, or modern-day problem, but look at this Kellogg’s advertisement from the early 1900’s

  13. Where do we extract the energy? • Cell Metabolism • Mitochondrion • Different molecules are processed by different reactions • Some cells are specialized to one or two ‘jobs’.

  14. How is metabolism studied? • In metabolism experiments, rats are fed radioactively tagged sugars, and their carbon dioxide output is measured. • Glucose + Oxygen  Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy

  15. What do you mean, ‘energy’? • Specifically the energy is obtained as Adenosine Triposphate, or ATP. • This is the energy currency of all living things. • C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + ATP

  16. Example: What happens to Glucose

  17. The details: three major nutrients

  18. The Big Picture… don’t panic!

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