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Compiling Techniques Course at Zhejiang University

Join the Compiling Techniques course at Zhejiang University to learn about compiler design principles and techniques. Explore the history, importance, and structure of compilers. Gain insight into lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation, among other topics.

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Compiling Techniques Course at Zhejiang University

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  1. 课程名 编译原理Compiling Techniques 浙江大学计算机学院与软件学院 编译原理课程组

  2. Information • Instructor • 李莹 • cnliying@zju.edu.cn • 13335880866 • Teacher Assistant • 孙煦雪 • sunxuxue@zju.edu.cn • 15858138880

  3. Text Books • The Dragon Book: Compilers Principles, Techniques, & Tools, Second Edition, Alfred V. Aho • The Tiger Book: Modern Compiler Implementation in C, Andrew Appel

  4. Grade Distribution • attend class • 10% • Homework • 10% • Class test or Mid-Term Exam • 15% • Final during exam period: • 65%

  5. Course Structure • Course has theoretical and practical aspects • CompilingTechniques • Compiler Design

  6. Compiler: why? • 1940’s The first electronic computers • Programming in machine language • Slow , tedious and error prone • 1954 IBM develops the 704 • All programming done in assembly • Software costs exceeded hardware costs!

  7. Compiler: why? • Emerge of higher-level languages • with higher-level notations • more easily programming • Fortran • Scientific computation • Cobol • Business data processing • Lisp • Symbolic computation

  8. Higher-level Language Machine Language For human For machine A compiler Compiler

  9. Why Study Compilers • Basic idea for constructing translators. • Principle and Techniques reusable in other CS domains. • Influences hardware design, e.g., RISC, VLIW. • Tools (mostly “optimization”) for enhancing software reliability and security. • Excellent software-engineering example --- theory meets practice. • Essential software tool.

  10. A compiler • A compiler is a program that can read a program in one language and translate it into an equivalent program in another language Source Program Compiler Target Program Input Output

  11. A Interpreter • An interpreter directly execute the operations of source program on inputs Source program Interpreter Output Input

  12. A language-processing system

  13. The structure • Two parts of a compiler • Analysis, front end • Synthesis,back end • operate as a sequence of phases

  14. Lexical Analysis • Reads stream of characters • Group the characters into lexemes • For each lexemes, output a Token • <token-name, attribute-value>

  15. Syntax Analysis • Reads Token stream • Create tree-like intermediate representation (syntax tree) • The grammatical structure of the token stream

  16. Semantic Analysis • Uses • syntax tree • information in Symbol table • understand the meaning of program • Too hard for compilers • only check Semantic consistency • Type checking • Type conversions (Coercions)

  17. Intermediate Code Geneartion • For portability and reuse • Before generate target program • Generate intermediate representations first • Three address code • Code sequence • One operator • Three operands (max)

  18. Code Optimization • To improve the intermediate code • Run faster • Use less memory • Consume less power

  19. Code Generation • Takes an intermediate representation as input • Maps it to target language • Registers and memory allocation • Translate IR instructions into machine instructions

  20. Symbol-Table Management • An essential function of a compiler • Records • variable names • various attributes of them

  21. Passes • Several phases may be grouped into a pass • A pass reads an input file and writes an output file • An example of a pass including: • Lexical analysis, • parsing, • semantic analysis • IR generation.

  22. Compiler construction tools-1 • Some tools could be used to help compiler construction • Parser Generators. automatically produce syntax analyzers from a grammatical description of a programming language.Yacc • Scanner Generators. produce lexical analyzers from a regular-expression description of the tokens of a language.Lex • Syntax-directed translation engines. produce collections of routines for walking a parse tree and generating intermediate code.

  23. Compiler construction tools-2 • Code-generator generators. produce a code generator from a collection of rules for translating each operation of the intermediate language into the machine language for a target machine. • Data-flow analysis engines. facilitate the gathering of information about how values are transmitted from one part of a program to each other part. • Compiler-construction toolkit. provide an integrated set of routines for constructing various phases of a compiler.

  24. The move to Higher-level Languages • First generation languages: machine languages. • Second generation: assembly languages. • Third generation: higher-level languages, Fortran, Cobol, Lisp, C…. • Forth generation: languages designed for specific applications, NOMAD, SQL • Fifth generation: logic- and constraint-based languages, Prolog and OPS5

  25. Another classification of languages • Imperative • how a computation is to be done • C, C++, C#, Java • Declarative • what computation is to be done • ML, Haskell, Prolog • Von neumann languages • Object-oriented languages • Scripting languages

  26. Impacts on Compilers • Can help promote the use of high-level languages • Compiler writing is challenging. • A compiler must translate correctly the potentially infinite set of programs

  27. Application of Compiler Technology • Implementation of higher-level programming languages • Optimizations for computer architectures • Design of new computer architectures • Program translations • Software productivity tools

  28. Optimizations for computer architecture • Parallelism • Multi-core, many-core • VLIW (very long instruction word), issue multiple operations in parallel • Memory hierarchies • Several levels of storage • The closer, the faster • Registers, CPU cache • Main memory • disks

  29. Design of new computer architecture • RISC • Specialized architecture • VLIW • SIMD

  30. Program translation • Binary translation • x86 →Sparc • x86 →arm • Hardware synthesis • VHDL RTL • Database query interpreters • Compiled simulation

  31. Software Productivity Tools • Type checking • Bounds Checking • Memory-Management tools • Code generators

  32. Summary • Language Processors • Compiler Phases • Machine and Assembly languages • Modeling in Compiler Design • Code Optimization • Higher-level Languages • Compilers and Computer Architecture • Software Productivity and Software Security • Programming Language Basics: Scope Rules, Environments, Block Structure, Parameter Passing, Aliasing

  33. The end of Lecture01

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