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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Dress, Society, and the Novice Researcher. From the headlines. National casual businesswear survey sparks debate: What is appropriate attire for the office?

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Dress, Society, and the Novice Researcher

  2. From the headlines • National casual businesswear survey sparks debate: What is appropriate attire for the office? • Dockers and Slates, manufacturers of branded jeans and casual sports wear, commissioned a study to identify workers’ attitudes and behaviors about business attire.

  3. Questions to answer • How can my academic and professional careers benefit from research skills? • What is research? • What are the steps in conducting research related to dress and society? • How is periodical literature categorized? • How do quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research differ? • What tools are used to collect data?

  4. What research skills are useful to undergraduates? • An inquiring mind • Appreciation for detective work • Knowledge of research tools • Understanding how research topics are chosen • Determination • Motivation • Persistence • Patience

  5. What is research? • A systematic approach to collecting data in efforts to answer questions or solve problems

  6. Research topicWorkplace dress codes

  7. Research question • What you want to learn from an investigation • What is the relationship between casual dress and employee productivity?

  8. Research Problem • An area of concern • Writing a clear and nondiscriminatory employee dress code

  9. Data • Numbers • Pictures • Words

  10. Basic research • Adds to existing knowledge by building theories

  11. Phenomena • Observable facts, experiences, events, trends

  12. Occupational stereotypes • Overgeneralized ideas about attributes and behaviors of individuals in occupational groups

  13. Multidisciplinary • Multiple specialized disciplines (i.e., areas of study) • Different theories derive from different disciplines

  14. Applied Research • Conducted primarily to improve practice by solving practical problems

  15. The research process • Read related literature and ask questions • Identify a research question or problem • Select a research method or tool • Collect data • Analyze data • Interpret data

  16. Identifying a research question or problem • Theoretical backgrounds • Observation of the population • Personal interest • Work of other investigators • Differing results in the literature

  17. Observation may help identify a research question or problem

  18. The cowboy is a popular research topic

  19. Identifying information sources • Scholarly journals • Substantive news or general interest periodicals • Special interest periodicals -- Trade publications • Popular periodicals • Sensational periodicals

  20. Scholarly Journals • Purpose—to report original research • Authors are scholars who have done research in the discipline • Peer reviewed • Process by which articles are chosen • Experts reviewed • Decided research was authoritative • Clothing and Textiles Research Journal

  21. Scholarly Journal

  22. Substantive News orGeneral Interest Periodicals • Purpose—to provide general information to a broad audience of readers • Time, Newsweek, New York Times

  23. GeneralInterestMagazine

  24. Special Interest Periodicals • Purpose—to provide specialized information to an audience in a particular occupation or trade • Trade publications • Women’s Wear Daily, Daily News Record

  25. Popular Periodicals • Purpose—to entertain readers, sell products, and promote a viewpoint • Printed on slick paper, use many visual graphics • Vogue, Harper’s Bazaar, GQ

  26. Sensational Periodicals • Purpose—to arouse curiosity and cater to popular superstitions • Newspaper format • Startling headlines • Star, National Inquirer, Globe

  27. Sensational Periodical

  28. Identifying Research Methods and Tools • Quantitative • Qualitative • Mixed methods research

  29. Research Tools • Questionnaires • Interview questions • Attitude surveys • Document and artifact worksheets • Published instruments

  30. Quantitative Research • Provides data measured in numbers • Data are subjected to statistical analyses • Used to • describe situations • identify relationships • compare groups

  31. Quantitative Research Tools • Surveys • Questionnaires • Attitude measures • Observation checklists • Published tests

  32. Three general types of statistics • Frequency • Number of times something occurs or % • Central tendency • Mean – average number • Median – middle number • Mode – most frequent number • Variability • Range – lowest to highest • Standard deviation – average difference

  33. Survey Research • Gathers data at one point in time • From individuals who represent groups with specific characteristics • Used to describe a situation by answering a set of questions • Helps make decisions, i.e., what merchandise to select and stock

  34. Adult Preferences for Halloween Costumes

  35. Observational Research • Earliest & most common research method • Used when information needed to answer questions is best obtained through direct observation • Data are gathered and organized into categories • Observation generates numbers by use of a tool called a data collection worksheet

  36. Observational Research • Can be used by designers to solve a problem • Produces descriptive results • Describe a situation • As it exists • E.g., a fashion count

  37. Research Hypothesis • One way of stating a research question or research problem • Includes predicting a relationship between two variables • Variables—factors having two or more values or distinguishable properties or characteristics • For ex., acceptable v. unacceptable dress

  38. Acceptabledress for aclub?

  39. Correlational Research • Measure the extent of relationship between and among variables

  40. Demographic Variables • Individual characteristics • Gender • Ethnicity • Education • Occupation • Age • Religion

  41. Nominal Variable • Two or more values are assigned to categories • Each person can be a member of only one category • All other members of the category have the same characteristics • Gender

  42. Ordinal Variable • Two or more values assigned to categories are ranked from lowest to highest • Education

  43. Continuous Variable • Any value along a continuum is possible • Interval variable • Based on equal units of measurement • Age

  44. Relationships Measured • Do NOT include cause and effect • One variable is the direct result of a second variable • Post hoc fallacy • Research mistake • Attributing cause and effect to a correlational relationship

  45. Correlational relationships • Expressed in • Direction • Positive • Negative • Strength • High • Moderate • Low

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