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Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment

This chapter provides an overview of the functional organization of the human body and the mechanisms that regulate the internal environment. Topics include physiology, pathophysiology, anatomy, and the exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid. The role of negative feedback and feed-forward control in maintaining stability is also discussed, along with the concept of positive feedback and its implications for health.

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Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment

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  1. Chapter 1: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” Slides by John E. Hall, Ph.D.

  2. Physiology The science that is concerned with the function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved.

  3. Pathophysiology • The study of disordered body • function (i.e. disease) • The basis for clinical medicine

  4. Anatomy The study of the structure of the body.

  5. The Human Body - A ComplexSociety of Differentiated Cells • Cells:the basic structural and functional unit • (~ 100 trillion) • Tissues:(e.g. muscles, epithelial, nervous ) • Organs:(e.g. kidney, heart, liver, pancreas) • Organ systems:(e.g. cardiovascular, urinary)

  6. Exchange Between the Capillaries and Interstitial Fluid Figure 1-2; Guyton & Hall

  7. Negative Feedback Control of Arterial Pressure Promotes Stability Sympathetic Activity Art. Pressure Heart Rate Vasoconstriction

  8. Baroreceptor Reflex : Negative Feedback System - Promotes Stability Set-point Errorsignal + Effectors Vasomotor Centers Sympathetic System Blood vessels, Heart Controlled Variable Sensor Blood Pressure Baroreceptors

  9. Cardiopulmonary Reflexes:Feed-Forward Control of Blood Pressure –Anticipates a Change Cardiopulmonary Receptors Cardiopulmonary Pressures Set-point + Error signal Effectors Sympathetic System Blood vessels, Heart Vasomotor Centers Controlled Variable Sensor Blood Pressure Baroreceptors

  10. Feedback and Feed-Forward Control • Negative feedback:promotes stability • Feed-forward:anticipates change • Positive feedback: promotes a change • in one direction, often leading to • instability, disease, and sometimes death.

  11. Positive Feedback of Hemorrhagic Shock Figure 1-3; Guyton & Hall

  12. Hemorrhagic Shock:Positive Feedback Severe Hemorrhage Venous Return + Cardiac Output Blood Pressure Coronary Blood Flow Cardiac Contractility

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