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Modern Physics

Modern Physics. Introduction. To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion. Detection Devices. Geiger counter Scintillation counter Cloud chamber Bubble chamber Superheated liquid. Fundamental Particles .

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Modern Physics

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  1. Modern Physics

  2. Introduction • To examine the fundamental nuclear model • To examine nuclear classification • To examine nuclear fission and fusion

  3. Detection Devices • Geiger counter • Scintillation counter • Cloud chamber • Bubble chamber • Superheated liquid

  4. Fundamental Particles • Democritus introduced the word which in English translates as atom • Elementary Particles • The name given to protons, neutrons and electrons • Today we use the term "fundamental" for the six types of quarks and the six leptons

  5. Classification of Matter • Hadrons: Particles made of quarks. Protons, Neutrons and their Anti-particles • Leptons: Are NOT made of sub particles. Electrons are examples of Leptons • Hadrons are further broken into Baryons and Mesons. ( both break down into Quarks)

  6. Hadrons • Hadrons break down into two groups • Baryons are made of 3 Quarks • Mesons made up of 2 quarks and anti-quarks ***(must add up to an integer not a fraction)

  7. Leptons • Leptons are fundamental particles that have no strong interactions • Lepton is Greek for "light particle” • electron there are heavier leptons, of which the first to be found was the muon • The TAU is 12th (quarks + leptons) fundamental building blocks of all matter.

  8. Quarks • Quarks are fundamental matter particles that are constituents of neutrons and protons and other hadrons • Proton -- composed of two Quarksup quarks and a down quark

  9. Sample Problem • A Baryon may have a charge of • -1/3e • 0e • +2/3e • +4/3e • Correct answer is 0e (all types of matter must have an integer charge)

  10. Scale of nature • Particles are classified by size and charge • Forces give all matter their characteristics and properties

  11. Neutrinos (type of Lepton) • These particles are so small that they pass right through the Earth with interacting with a single atom!!!

  12. Four fundamental interactions • Force : the effect on particle due to another particle • Interaction: the forces and decays which affect a given particle

  13. Strong Force • Quarks and Gluons have a type of charge that is NOT electromagnetic • The “color” charged particles are very powerful (STRONG) • Quarks are glued together with GLUONS (Nuclear Energy)

  14. Weak Force • The stable matter of the universe is made up of the two least massive quarks: UP and Down and the least massive Lepton, the electron ( A Hydrogen Atom) • When a quark or lepton changes type (muons changing to an electron) is called a “flavor” weak interaction

  15. Chemistry Symbols The components of the nucleus are called nucleons. The two principle nucleons are the proton with a charge of +1e and the neutron which is uncharged. All atomic nuclei (nuclides) and their components may be represented by the symbol below. X is the name of the particle A is the mass # Z is the atomic #

  16. Isotopes Nuclei that have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers. Hydrogen Tritium Deuterium

  17. Nuclear Reaction Represented by a balanced nuclear equation

  18. Nuclear Fission & Fusion • Fission is the chain reaction splitting of an atom • Fusion is the joining of light nuclei to form a heavier more stable nuclei

  19. Reference Chart : Standard Model

  20. Reference Chart

  21. Reference Chart Equations • Ephoton = hf = hc/wavelength • Ephoton = Ei – Ef • E = mc2 • All equations calculate the amount of energy in units of eV or J. The conversion is based on the energy of a single electron or mass

  22. Sample Problem • Calculate the energy of the photon that is emitted when a hydrogen atom changes from energy level n=3 to 2 • Ephoton = Ei – Ef • = (-3.40 eV) – (-1.51 eV) • = - 1.89 eV

  23. Sample Problem • What is the Radiant energy of a beam of light whose frequency is 5.0 x 1014 Hz • Ephoton = hf = hc/wavelength • = 6.6 x 10-34 J*s (5.0 x 1014 Hz) • = 33 x 10 -20 J

  24. Summary • Atomic Particles are composed of sub-nuclear particles • The nucleus is a conglomeration of Quarks which manifest as Protons and neutrons • Each elementary particle has a corresponding anti-particle • The fundamental source of energy is the conversion of mass into energy

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