CUIN 6371 Models of Teaching

1. CUIN 6371Models of Teaching Fall, 2003 Howard L. Jones Deductive Strategies… David P. Ausubel’s Efforts

2. Robert Gagné’s Types of Learning • Basic • Signal Learning – Stimulus Response • Higher Order • Concepts • Rules/Generalizations • Problem Solving • Motor Skills • Attitudes

3. Concepts • Oxymoron/Pleonasm • Gerrymandering • Parallel • Soft • Diagonal • Verbs, adverbs, modifiers… • Model of Teaching

4. Elements of a ConceptJerome Bruner Every Concept has 1. A name 2. Examples and Non-Examples (positives and negatives) 3. Attributes 4. Attribute Values (essential and non-essential) A RULE, then, is the statement of the essential attributes of the concept

5. A Generalization • has a broad level of application. • contains two or more concepts. • states the relationship which exists between (among) the concepts found in the generalization.

6. A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of two or more elements are at lower energy levels than they would be if they existed separately. • A Spanish verb is like a good mystery; it tells who did it and when. • A season is an arbitrary period of time with distinctive features. • When the ing ending is placed on words ending with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e is dropped.

7. Searching for concepts and generalizations -The work of Joel Barker

8. Concepts Defined Generalizations Concepts Rules Principles Outcomes

9. Information Processing • Inductive - Jerome Bruner/ Hilda Taba • Deductive - David Ausubel • Inquiry - J. J. Schwab/J. Richard Suchman Jean Piaget/ L. Kohlberg • Memory - R. Atkinson/J. Levin/J. Lucas • Creativity - W. J. J. Gordon

10. If a teacher lectures in the middle of the forest and nobody’s there to listen, does he actually make sense?

11. How to teach rules and generalizations DEDUCTIVELY (and effectively) The work of David Ausubel

12. The Most Common The “Guided Tour” • Teaching Pattern Approach • • Providing Information • • Verification of information • • Application of Information • (after Renner) Deductive Teaching

13. Ausubel’s Postulates • Thinking can be taught But not like Taba’s type - Deductive Thinking

14. A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of two or more elements are at lower energy levels than they would be if they existed separately. • A Spanish verb is like a good mystery; it tells who did it and when. • A season is an arbitrary period of time with distinctive features. • When the ing ending is placed on words ending with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e is dropped.

15. External Conditions Teacher informs student what is expected Teacher invokes recall of component concepts Student makes statement in own words Student demonstrates in another situation Reinforcement Internal Conditions Mastery of component concepts Rule and Generalization Learning(including Defined Concepts)

16. David P. Ausubel “Preconceptions are amazingly tenacious and resistant to extinction.” Advance Organizers

17. Basic Postulates • Learning is more than passive listening • Teacher must present generalizations that govern the meaningfulness of new information • The purpose of teaching is to strengthen cognitive structures

18. Elements of Ausubel Lessons • Advance Organizer

19. David P. Ausubel • Advance Organizers - primary means of strengthening cognitive structures and enhancing retention of new information • Introductory material presented ahead of the learning task and at a higher level of abstraction and inclusiveness than the learning task itself.

20. Organizers, we have organizers … Concept Definition Landforms are land surfaces that have characteristic shapes and sizes. Analogy Two-paragraph comparison between river systems and the body’s circulatory system Generalization The more technology and knowledge humans possess, the less limiting are the influences of nature on human life.

21. Other Ausubelian Big Words include: • Subsumption • Intellectual Scaffolding

22. The Ever Popular Concept Map

23. The more technology and knowledge humans possess, the less limiting are the influences of nature on human life. Agriculture Resource Manufacturing Extractions Technology Persistent Problems Irrigation Seed Energy Fertilization Mechanization Transportation

24. Deductive Processes Generalization data data data data data data data data data conglomerate conglomerate conglomerate data data data data data data data data conglomerate data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data

25. Deductive Processes Generalization data data data data data data sub- sub- sub- generalization generalization generalization data data data data data data data sub generalization data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data

26. Deductive Processes Advance Organizer data data data data data data Integrative Integrative Integrative Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliation data data data data data data data IntegrativeReconciliation data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data

27. Elements of Ausubel Lessons • Advance Organizer • Integrative Reconciliation • Progressive Differentiation

28. Advance Organizer Progressive Progressive Progressive Differentiation Differentiation Differentiation Integrative Reconciliation Progressive Progressive Progressive Differentiation Differentiation Differentiation Integrative Reconciliation Progressive Progressive Progressive Differentiation Differentiation Differentiation Integrative Reconciliation

29. Calendars

30. Why do we need calendars anyway?

31. Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns

32. The Ancient Celts … • Recognized only two seasons - light and dark. This time of year was the beginning of what was called dark.

33. Jewish Calendar Nisan

34. George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays And a Third One

35. George Washington’s Birthday Celebrations • February 11, 1732 (Band of Fourth Continental Army serenades him at Valley Forge in 1778) • February 22, 1732 (Generally observed from 1796) • President's Day (Third Monday of February - P. L. 90-363; effective 1971)

36. George Washington was first in war, first in peace… And the first to have his birthday juggled to make a long weekend. -Ashley Cooper

37. Early Roman Calendar • Apparently borrowed from Greeks (Romulus founds Rome in 738 BCE) • Ten months and 304 days (60 days in middle of winter ignored) • Names of months (Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis,Sextilis, September, October, November, December) • Numa (452 BCE) adds January and February and a month called Mercedinus (22/23 days between February 23-24 every other year)

38. Julian Calendar • By 46 BCE winter occurs in September • 46 BCE declared to have 445 days (the “year of confusion”) • Every four years, February (which had 28 days) was given an additional day • Every year thereafter to have 365 days • Quintilis renamed July • Sextilis renamed August • Moved Beginning of Year to January 1 • • 365 1/4 days; but still 11 minutes,14 seconds longer than solar year • • Augustus Caesar ensures regulation by 8CE • • By 1580 the Spring Equinox fell on March 11, ten days earlier than it should

39. Dionysius Exiguus ca. 525 CE • Dates birth of Jesus and misses by at least four years

40. Don’t fool with the religious elements of the calendar… Mathematicians make mistakes…Take Geronimo Cardano, a resident of strictly religious Italy in the 16th century. He tried running a horoscope on Jesus and wound up in prison.

41. But… By 1580 CE, the Spring Equinox fell on March 11, ten days before it should

42. So what? Council of Nicea…325 CE Easter celebrated on the Sunday nearest the 14th of Nisan (Passover)… WHICH JUST HAPPENS TO BE first Sunday after the first full moon after the Spring Equinox

43. Gregorian Calendar • 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII • Ten days dropped from October (October 5, 1582 became October 15) • February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400 • Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds • Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted Gregorian calendar immediately • German states adopt by 1700

44. In 1640, when the first calendar was published for the public..... Everyone knew that its days were numbered.

45. So why does George Washington have three birthdays?

46. George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays And a Third One

47. In Islam, portions of 2002/3 are 1423 A.H.

48. Calendars through the eyes of Jigsaw II

49. Jigsaw II and CalendarsGeneralization: Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns. Expert Teamsfocus on how the generalization holds or does not hold in the...Hebrew Calendar • Lunar calendar Islamic CalendarMonths (Tishri, Nisan ...) • Portions of 2001/2002 are• Day of Atonement ... 1422 A.H. (Anno Hegirae) Dating of Year 1 • Ramadan…Eid, Haj… • Lunar calendar... Mayan Calendar • Two kinds of calendars – Chinese Calendar a sacred one of 260 days • Emperor Huang-Ti invents and another - • Naming of year - year of the ox, ... a solar calendar • Chinese new year ... • Lucky and unlucky days ... Home Teams

50. Lecturing is not always appropriate