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Ecology. Big Ideas. Energy. Energy flows through every ecological system Inputs = what goes into the ecosystem Outputs = what goes out of the system. Food Webs. Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem. Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels. 10% Energy Transfer
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Ecology Big Ideas
Energy • Energy flows through every ecological system • Inputs = what goes into the ecosystem • Outputs = what goes out of the system
Food Webs • Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem
Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels • 10% Energy Transfer • Producers make up largest biomass
Bioaccumulations • Toxins cannot be removed and increase in amount between trophic levels
Carbon Cycle • Cyclescarbon through the ecosystem • Contains photosynthesis and cellular respiration • Opposite chemical reactions
Nitrogen Cycle • Cycles nitrogen through the system • Bacteria takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and transfers it to plants
Population Growth • Populations will grow exponentially if there are no limitingfactors
Population Growth • Populations will reach carryingcapacity because of limiting factors which include: • Abiotic (non-living) • Space & Water • Biotic (living) • Food & Predators
Population Density • Population Densityis the number of living things in an area • Example: • 500 moose in 10 sq. miles = 50 moose per mile
General Ecology • Non-native species usually DIE in a new environment, some survive and take over if they have no predators
Sustainability • Maintaining resources for future use • Choices we can make now that support sustainability • Substituting renewable (?) for non-renewable (?) resources • Recycling • Using fewer resources
Macromolecules • Carbohydrates: made of simple sugar units glucose, galactose, fructose • Lipids: fats, etc. • Triglycerides made of glycerol & 3 fatty acid tails • Phospholipids made of phosphate head & 2 fatty acid tails
Macromolecules • Proteins: made of amino acids • Nucleic Acids – DNA & RNA: made of nucleotides
Cell Structure & Function Big Ideas
Main Cell Types • Prokaryotes – no nucleus, nucleoid region of DNA; bacteria • Eukaryotes – DNA contained in nucleus, membrane bound organelles; everything except bacteria
Key Cell Components/Organelles • Nucleus – DNA • Ribosomes – Site of Protein Synthesis • Endoplasmic Reticulum – assembly of lipids & finishing work on proteins, etc. • Golgi Apparatus – modifies, sorts and packages proteins, etc. from ER for storage or release to outside of cell. • Mitochondria – breakdown of glucose into ATP • Chloroplasts – convert sun energy into sugars • Vacuoles & Vesicles – storage/movement of water, etc. • Lysosomes – bread down of macromolecules and old organelles.
Cell Boundaries & Movement of Materials Across Them • Cell wall – rigid structure outside cell membrane for support, protection; found in bacteria, fungi, plants • Cell membrane – flexible barrier between inside and outside of the cell • Composed of phospholipidbilayer, proteins • Selectively permeable – allows some things in/out, but not others.
Cell Transport • Passive Transport – no cellular energy used • Diffusion – movement of materials from high to low concentration • Facilitated diffusion – diffusion of molecules through protein channels (not directly through membrane) • Osmosis – movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane (facilitated) • Active Transport - requires cellular energy • Movement of materials across the membrane from low to high concentration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Big Ideas
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite chemical reactions
Photosynthesis: plants take carbondioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and make glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) • Plants make their own food!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Cellular Respiration: plants AND animals make energy (ATP) by transforming glucose (C6H12O6)and oxygen (O2) into carbondioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) • CHEMICAL Energy in glucose is transformed into the energy to live (ATP) • Very similar to setting something on fire (combustion), which releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere
Be able to trace the path of a carbon atom from air through photosynthesis, cellular respiration and back to the air
Mitosis and Meiosis Big Ideas
Mitosis & Meiosis • Division of Chromosomes in a cell • Chromosomes are made of DNA • DNA is replicated (copied) before each process • Each chromosome contains many sections of DNA called genes which contain the code for a protein
Mitosis • Mitosis: produces twoIDENTICAL cells from one cell for growth and repair of body cells • 2N cells produce 2N cells
Meiosis • Meiosis: produces four UNIQUE sex cells for reproduction • Each cell is 1N – ½ the chromosomes of the body cells • Females: Eggs • Males: Sperm • Allows for differences (variation) in populations • Fertilization restores the 2N number in offspring
DNA and Genetics Big Ideas
DNA & Genetics DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; is a code for your physical (phenotype) traits - PHYSICAL TRAIT
Traits • Proteins: can be used to make bodystructures, hormones and enzymes • Enzymes act to speedup (catalyze) chemical reactions in the body • Ex. Digestion of food, making DNA, and regulating glucose
GeneticsVocabulary • Phenotype: What your physically look like • Ex. Blue Eyes OR Brown Eyes • Genotype: What your genesare • Ex. Bb, bb, or BB
Vocabulary • Dominant:Trait/gene that is shown • Ex. BB = Brown EyesBb = Brown Eyes • Recessive: Trait/gene that is hidden by a dominant gene • Ex. bb = Blue Eyes Bb = Brown Eyes
Vocabulary • Heterozygous: different genes • Ex. Bb for Brown Eyes • Homozygous: same genes • Ex. bb for Blue Eyes
PunnettSquare: used to predict offspring • Ex. Two heterozygous bunnies are crossed; black fur is the dominant trait • Phenotype ratio • Ex. 25% white bunnies, 75% black bunnies • Genotype ratio • Ex. 25% bb, 50% Bb, 25% BB F f F FF Ff f Ff ff
A detached earlobe man (EE) has children with an attached earlobe woman (ee). What are the possible genotypes (gene combination)? What are the possible phenotypes (physical trait)? Earlobes (E)
A heterozygous tongue roller (Tt) mates with a non-tongue roller (tt), what percentage of their children will be tongue rollers?
What is the percent chance two heterozygous tongue roller will have a non-tongue roller offspring?
Dihybrid crosses – chance of inheriting 2 traits togetherCross 2 heterozygous for color and height (Green & Tall are dom; Yellow & Short are rec.) TG tGTgtg TG tG Tg tg Red = tall Black= short
Protein Synthesis • Transcription • The code in DNA is copied into mRNA • This nucleotide sequence determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein. • mRNA leaves the nucleus and forms a “protein factory” complex with rRNA called a ribosome. • Translation • The nucleotide sequence in mRNA is read 3 nucleotides at a time – a codon. • Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid. • tRNA brings the needed amino acid to the ribosome. • The amino acids are bonded together to form a protein.
Evolution Big Ideas
Evolution • Evolution: change over time All living things are related to a COMMON ANCESTOR!!!
Evidence of Evolution • Evidence: • Presence of Fossils found in rock layers • Homologous and Vestigial Structures • Homologous: Similar Structures • Vestigial: Unused structures; whale pelvis, human wisdom teeth
Fossil Record Homologous Structures
Evidence of Evolution • DNA Comparisons • Humans and mice are 99% similar in DNA, so they are closely related • Embryos • Closely related organisms have similar embryos
DNA Comparisons Embryos
Natural Selection • Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest, failure of the worst” • Over reproduction sets up a struggle for existence • Natural selection selects for variations in the population (result of mutation & sexual reproduction( that are adaptive • The “goal” of life is to survive and reproduce (pass adaptive genes to next generation)
Mutations in DNA: can (not always) lead to unique traits, which may help or hinder survival!!