Pregnancy

1. Pregnancy Everything You Ever Wanted to Know

2. The Developing Baby • Conception • Ovum released from an ovary • Egg moves through the fallopian tube to the uterus • Egg reaches uterus and flushed out by menstrual cycle, or fertilized by sperm • Ovum and sperm unite=conception

3. Zygote- 1st stage • Zygote-fertilized egg, last about two weeks • Travels through fallopian tube and attaches to lining of uterus • Provides nourishment to zygote • Zygote grows by cell division • 1,2, 4, etc • After 2 weeks, only the size of a pin head

4. Embryo-2nd stage • Embryo grows rapidly • Mass of cells develops into the major systems of the body • Brain begins to take control of body systems • Amniotic fluid develops to protect embryo • Placenta develops, rich in blood vessels, mom’s blood carries food and oxygen to placenta • Reaches baby through umbilical cord-brings nourishment to baby, takes away waste

5. Fetus-3rd stage • Beings at 8-9th week • 4th or 5th month-fetal movements touch wall of uterus (quickening) • Uterus grows and expands, more fluid produced • By 7th month, fetus is capable of living outside the womb • Major organ systems ready to operate • Fat deposits added under skin • Fetus stores nutrients and build immunity • Can suck thumb, cough, sneeze, kick, hiccup, and cry before birth

6. Preparing for Birth • Lightening-baby dropped in birth canal • Fetus usually upside down-easiest and safest position for birth • Mother’s skin on abdomen appears stretched to capacity, muscles are stretched • 37-42 weeks, baby is ready to be born

7. Vocabulary • Chromosomes-threadlike particles in the nucleus of every cell • Genes-units that determine a person’s inherited characteristics • Dominant-stronger gene • Recessive-weaker gene • Infertility-inability to become pregnant

8. The Genetic Package • Inherit characteristics from parents • At conception every human receives 23 pairs of chromosomes • Chromosomes have thousands of genes • For each inherited characteristic, child receives 2 copies of each gene • If the same, get that characteristic • If different, dominant gene is expressed

9. Recessive Traits • Blue, green, or hazel eyes • Straight hair • Blonde or red hair • Second toe longer than big toe

10. Continued • Combination of genes make up genetic package and sex • Sex chromosomes are X and Y • Egg contains X • Sperm contain X or Y • XX girl • XY boy

11. Activity • Make a chart of your family from grandparents through parents, aunts and uncles to present generation • Show eye color and shape, hair color and texture, shape and size of ears, hand, feet, any other physical characteristics that are passed down through generations and describe the pattern

12. Issues in Prenatal Development

13. Multiple Births • Identical twins-egg splits in 2 • Fraternal twins-2 eggs both fertilized • 2.5% of births are twins

14. Infertility • Seek medical advice and give a complete health history • Surgery or medication can help solve problem • Ovaries are not producing eggs, prescribe fertility drugs • Side effects: lung problems, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, multiple babies

15. Options for Infertile Couples • Adoption • Artificial insemination-doctor injects sperm into woman’s uterus • In vitro fertilization-in small glass dish, woman’s egg and male’s sperm combined, then zygote placed in woman’s uterus • http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/science/health-human-body-sci/human-body/ivf-sci.html

16. Continued • Ovum transfer-egg from female donor and in vitro fertilization • Surrogate mother-become pregnant for another couple • Can carry couple’s fertilized egg • Artificially inseminated (legal arrangements and meet state laws)

17. Problems in Prenatal Development • Miscarriage-happens before 20 weeks of pregnancy, baby dies • Stillbirth-happens after 20 weeks of pregnancy • Go through stages of grief • 20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage • Most women can have successful pregnancies later

18. Types of birth defects • Serious problems that threaten a child’s health or ability to live • Some are mild or easily corrected, others are severe • Every 3 out of 100 children born in US have a birth defect • Not all are apparent at birth

19. Causes of Birth Defects • 4 main causes • Environmental causes • All major organ systems develop in first few weeks or pregnancy, choices mom makes and mom’s health affect developing systems • Nutrition • Diseases or infections of mother • Alcohol, tobacco, drugs • Medications • Exposure to outside hazards such as radiation

20. Hereditary Causes • For each person about 5 or 6 recessive genes are imperfect • If each parent passes on the same recessive defective gene, baby may develop birth defect • Dominant gene can be defective too • Some inherited conditions only affect males such as hemophilia and color blindness

21. Errors in Chromosomes • Could be too many or too few chromosomes • Not inherited from parents • Most common is Down syndrome • 1 in every 800 births • Risk increases in women over 35 • Child has extra chromosome, interferes with development

22. Interaction of Heredity and Environment • Examples like cleft lip, cleft palate, and spina bifida • Inherit the tendency, combined with environment factor during pregnancy

23. Cleft Lip • Cleft Lip

24. Cleft Palate • Cleft Palate

25. Spina Bifida • Spina Bifida

26. Prevention and Diagnosis • Infections, drugs, and alcohol exposure can be controlled • Genetic counseling-counselors trained to understand genetic disorders • Obtain complete family medical history • Diseases and cause of death of close relatives • Thorough medical exams • States likelihood of genetic problems

27. Prenatal Tests • More than 100 birth defects can be determined before a baby is born • 3 procedures used: • Ultrasound-uses sound waves to make a video image of unborn baby to check for specific health problems and rates of development • Detects defects to skeleton and other organs

28. Continued • Amniocentesis-method of removing a sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn baby, test fluid for specific birth defects • Some cells of the fetus contained in the fluid and tested • Test for Down syndrome if mother over 35 • 1 in 200 women miscarry after test

29. Continued • Chorionic villi sampling-sample small amounts of tissue • Test for same defects that amniocentesis does, but can be done earlier • Higher risks than amniocentesis

30. Avoiding Dangers to the Baby • Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Physical and mental problems • 1 out of 5 with FAS die soon after birth • Almost all are mentally retarded • Slow growth, poor coordination, heart defects, facial deformaties • Fetal alcohol effects-less severe • Degree of damage is directly related to amount of alcohol mom consumed during pregnancy and at what stage

31. FAS

32. Other Drugs • Prescription and OTC • Caffeine • Nicotine • Illegal drugs • Inhalants-fumes that are inhaled into the lungs

33. Medications • Thalidomide- used to relieve morning sickness in late 1950’s • 5,000 babies born with severe birth defects • Medicines or infections that reach baby in first 3 months are the most devastating • Last 6 months of pregnancy, may cause slow growth, infections • Drugs taken just before delivery will be in baby’s body at birth

34. Caffeine • Found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, cocoa, some foods, medications • Large doses can cause birth defects

35. Tobacco • Low birth weight • Prematurity • Respiratory infections and allergies after birth

36. Illegal Drugs • Pass addiction to child • Go through withdrawal right after birth, painful condition • Can be so severe that they die • Cocaine is known to cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, birth defects • Similar results with marijuana • Babies who survive withdrawal have an uncertain future

37. Drug addiction

38. Other Dangers • X-rays- radiation can cause birth defects • Rubella-vaccine now available • STD’s-can be passed on from pregnant woman to unborn baby • Routinely check for syphilis and treat newborns eyes with a solution to kill gonorrhea germs that could cause blindness

39. AIDS • Developing baby can be infected by mother • If mother with AIDS gives birth to a baby, baby is at risk of developing AIDS • Mom can be given treatment that reduces chances of baby developing AIDS • Early testing very important