Key Note Lecture: Ground Improvement – Principles and Applications in India

1. Deep Foundation Technologies for Infrastructure Development in India, Sept 2012 Key Note Lecture: Ground Improvement – Principles and Applications in India Dr. V.R. Raju Managing Director Keller Asia

2. Contents • Principles of Ground Improvement • Types of Ground Improvement • Choice of Technique • Applications in India • Power Plants • Petro Chemical Facilities • Marine Infrastructure • Transportation • Real Estate • Alternate Foundation Solutions (Design & Build)

3. Principles of Ground Improvement

4. Densification – rearrangement of soil particles • Consolidation – drainage and reduction of voids • Chemical Modification – hardening by addition of binders • Displace & Reinforce – pushing unsuitable soils aside, installing stiffer elements Principles of Ground Improvement

5. Types of Ground Improvement

6. Ground Improvement Methods

7. Choice of Technique

8. Choice of Technique • Suitability of Technique • Are the soil and technique fundamentally compatible? • Technical Compliance • Does the technique provide the strength or stiffness required? • Availability of Material • Is the material (stone, cement) readily available? • Cost • Is it within budget? What is the cost of time? • Protection of the Environment • Does the technique reduce or avoid pollution? Is the technique resource efficient?

9. Applications in India

10. Power Plants

11. GVK Power Plant, Punjab • 1.2mio. m3 of Vibro Compaction • Foundation for lightly loaded structures • Mitigation of liquefaction potential • Increased lateral capacity of piles • Max. 1m settlement was observed out of 10m treatment (10%) • Production : > 8,000 m3 / day / rig

12. NTECL Power Plant, Chennai • 9,00,000m of Vibro Stone Columns • Foundation for Cooling towers, Ash dykes & other ancillary structures • Increase in bearing capacity and dyke stability & limiting foundation settlements

13. Anpara-D Power Plant, Utter Pradesh • 2500 nos. of BCIS Piles & 2,00,000m of Dry Vibro Stone Columns • Densification of loose fly ash pond to support foundations of CHP, Switchyard & Water Treatment Plant • Increase in lateral capacity of piles • Environment friendly solution with reduction of cost & construction time

14. TPCIL Power Plant, Krishnapatnam • 2,500 nos. of Bored Cast In-Situ Piles up to 60m depth • Foundation for main plant structures and cooling towers • 15 nos of compression and 15 nos of lateral load test were done • Max 12 piles / day achieved using 4 rigs

15. Petro Chemical Facilities

16. SHELL LNG Terminal, Hazira • 50,000m of Vibro Stone Columns • Foundation for large diameter (84m) tanks (35m high) in seismic prone region • Mitigation of liquefaction potential and limiting foundation settlements • Tanks were commissioned after successful Hydro Test and in operation for last 8 years

17. IOCL Refinery, Paradeep • 600,000m of Vibro Stone Columns • Foundation for 50 nos. of tanks • 10 rigs were deployed to complete the works in 6 months

18. Archean Chemical Plant, Hajipir • Design & Build alternative foundation • solution for entire Chemical Plant • 1,400 nos. of BCIS and 100,000 m2 of Vibro • Stone Columns to support Plant structures

19. TCL Product Packaging Unit, Babrala • Ground improvement using Combination of Vibro Replacement & Vibro Compaction • Mitigation of liquefaction potential & improvement of bearing capacity of soil

20. Marine Infrastructure

21. Seabird Project, Karwar • 420,000m2 of Vibro Compaction • Offshore Vibro Compaction to densify dredged sand to found breakwater structure

22. ICTT Vallarpadam Port, Cochin • 250,000m of Vibro Stone Columns to max. 25m depth • Slope stabilization for berthing structure and foundations for container terminal

23. Pipavav Shipyard, Gujarat • 500,000m of Vibro Stone Columns • Foundation for various infrastructure facilities in the shipyard • To ensure bearing capacity and to control foundation settlements

24. Hind Terminals, Mumbai • 250,000m of Vibro Stone Columns • Foundation for container freight station in marshy lands

25. Transportation

26. ICTT Highway, Cochin • 350,000m of Vibro Stone Columns to max. 25m depth • RC Wall foundation for highway embankments and bridge approaches

27. Bangalore Metro (BMRC) • 2,000 nos of Ground Anchors in soil & rock to 80T capacity • Excavation support up to 25m depth for underground stations

28. Delhi Metro (DMRC) • 600 nos. of Ground Anchors in soils and rock to 60-80T capacity • Excavation support up to 25m depth for underground stations

29. Delhi Metro (DMRC) • Compaction Grouting for top 9m of loose sandy silts • Soil Arching above NATM tunnel crown level

30. Real Estate

31. Delhi One, Noida • 1000 nos. of Ground Anchors into D-Wall up to 70T capacity • Basement excavation support for multi-purpose high rise towers

32. Haldiram School, Noida • Vibro Compaction for foundation of School Building • To ensure bearing capacity and mitigate liquefaction potential

33. Alternate Foundation Solutions(Design & Build)

34. Power Plant Switchyard – GI + BCIS Piles CHP – GI + BCIS Piles Water Treatment Plant – Only GI Main Plant – Only BCIS Piles

35. Chemical Plant Ground Improvement BCIS Piles

36. Reduced Carbon Footprints Thank you