Thierry Facon, RAP-NRE and Chen Zhijun, TCIO

1. Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning Forum for Irrigation 26-28 July 2011 JW Marriott Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand Demand Management for Irrigation: Revisiting some Basics Thierry Facon, RAP-NRE and Chen Zhijun, TCIO

2. Plan • Generalities of demand management for irrigation • Some difficulties • Some recent approaches • Conclusion

3. Plan • Generalities of demand management for irrigation • Some difficulties • Some recent approaches • Conclusion

4. Major options and domains

5. Coping with water scarcity: a dynamic model

6. Supply augmentation options

7. Demand management options

8. Dynamics of agricultural response

9. Different options over time

10. Classical options

12. Plan • Generalities of demand management for irrigation • Some difficulties • Some recent approaches • Conclusion

13. Informal and formal natures of water economies Source: Tushaar Shah Irresponsive institutions Autonomous adaptation Planned adaptation Mitigation Socio-economic development, IWRM Planned adaptation • Formalize land use planning/management to formalize ET Mgt • Governance-based • Policy, incentives • Lateral approaches

14. Multiple uses and services • Water Share: water balance • Value Share : Economical analysis (Value, jobs, ecosystems?) • Services identification & remuneration • Constraints and opportunities of management • Governance of the MUSF System • Multiple Uses in Large Irrigation Systems is the norm • CROPS = often a fraction of water inputs (<50%)

15. Uncertainty on basic performance indicators

16. Confusion: Improving productivity or efficiency? “As irrigation is inefficient (30/40/50% of the water diverted reaches the plant), we can reduce the waste and losses and reallocate this to other users by increasing irrigation efficiency” Physical water scarcity Basin closure What is recoverable is mostly recovered

17. Irrigation efficiency • Confusion between field, system efficiency and basin efficiency is common and inexcusable but underpins many policies and investments • But field efficiency and more efficient technologies can be very good for: • energy • water quality • sometimes in-stream flow • reducing drainage • money • labour, etc.

18. “Fractions” Terminology for Water Accounting • Water Use • Consumed Fraction • Beneficial Consumption • Non-beneficial Consumption • Non-Consumed Fraction • Recoverable flows • Non-recoverable flows

20. Water scarcity is often constructed by planning: The planning/closure spiral: • develop a dam with an irrigation system that can only irrigate a portion of the command area in the dry season • create water scarcity which justifies building an other dam • Which comes with its own command area upstream, and will absorb and water you try to send down • Back to step 2 IWRM: any water you want to send down for environmental flows, water quality or salinity control will be absorbed on the way • Many irrigation agencies still function this way • Vested interests

21. River basin closure processes /construction of water scarcity river basin trajectories and their drivers Over-building of river basins Over-allocation of entitlements overdraft of reservoirs and aquifers double squeeze of agricultural water use, due to declining water availability and quality and rising urban and environmental needs

22. Wuhan University/ Yuanlai CUI: Relativity of Water saving irrigation: the scale effect • . The adapted methods of WSI is different under different water resources conditions, natural conditions and social economical development conditions; • The standard of WSI also different under different countries, regions, and developing stages. WSI is relativity • .Rehabilitation • Cropping pattern change • Water pricing • AWD spreading • Reuse of drain and rainfall

23. Relativity of WSI WSI is relative in spatial scale. Field, irrigation system, basin, the “loss” and WSI way is different Water balance and recycling in rice irrigated area (scale effect)

24. Traditional IE indicator • Traditional IE: canal water use effi., field water use effi. and irrigation effi. • These indicators are helpful for planning, design and management of irrigation projects. From Qnet to Qgross • However, these indicators ignore the reuse of return water,losses from irrigation water supply system are regarded as losses of the irrigation systemTIE are not suitable for WS potential evaluation.

25. New evaluation indicators • Depleted fraction. Ratio of total depletion or ET to Gross or available • Process depleted fraction. Ratio of process depletion to irrigation • Benefit depleted fraction. Ratio of ET to total depletion or Gross or available • Water productivity

26. New evaluation indicators • Drainage fraction . Drainage fraction to gross inflow or available water There are mainly other new indicators which are suitable for WSP evaluation under diff. scales, but this indicators are normally not easy to calculated, such as ET, drainage etc

27. Case study Command area 43 km2(3% of area ZIS） Six closed scales were selected for water balance and TN losses analysis

28. Case study WPI increased 64% from field to small watershed scale WP under different scales (2009)

29. Case study DF decreased from field to small watershed scale Drainage fraction under different scales (2009) Figure 3 shows that the water saving potential of field scale was 33%, the potential of middle scale ranged from 16% to 28% and the potential of small watershed scale was 21%. It presented the scale effect of water saving potential at different scales. The TIE of ZIS in only 43%, means 57% WS potential, that is not true

30. Questions What is the proper indicator which considers the reuse of return flow but is easy to estimate? water resources utilization rate=ratio of ET to gross inflow Real IE Traditional IE Return rate of irrigation = ratio of return flow to irrigation underestimate ZIS IE and WS potential when lining canal overestimate

31. Things are complicated • Some water can be saved but not as much as is claimed • There are no silver bullets on the horizon on the productivity or irrigation technology side • When agricultural water management is already moderately good, things tend to a zero sum game • Increasing efficiency, more efficient technologies, water rights and water pricing often lead to increased water consumption (ET) • Problems are becoming wicked • In many basins agriculture will need to shrink to achieve water savings

32. Francois Molle Water pricing : a "good idea" withlimitedpotential in large scalegravityschemes • Is water scarce ? • Are losses really lost? • Are "savings" used? • Are losses at the farm level? • Is demand elastic ? • Is pricing volumetric? • Is supply on-demand ?

33. Water pricing > conservation > conditions RWS 1 W1 Wo D0 D1 Full supply, with temporary or permanent rotations, head-end/tail-end problems increase; supply sometimes uncertain. Data loosely collected, often faulty, and rarely analyzed. Rotations are the rule; some fallow land in the dry season; wells and pumps widespread; serious head-end/tail-end problems Chaotic supply; land fallow; conjunctive use ubiquitous Full supply, continuous flow, with occasional short chaotic phases; No data collection (or only at headworks); problems solved by sending more water. Reactive management Volumetric management Volumetric management, secondary or tertiary canalbulk allocation; or individual quota systems; intensive data collection and analysis

34. No effect Groundwater irrigation Potentialeffect Effect at the margin Possible effect of pricing % of Irrigated area W1 W0 D0/D1 Bulk (S/T) Q O Type of scheme management

35. Effective impact Desirable evolution: improving management Possible effect of pricing % of Irrigated area W1 W0 D0/D1 Bulk (S/T) Q O Type of scheme management

36. Water pricing > cost-recovery > in practice Water pricing > conservation > conclusions • Volumetric pricing and conditions of elastic demand are extremely rare;pricing will not, in most cases, influence water use; high prices mayhave influence but at the cost of farmer income. • Even in on-demand systems, prices are not used to regulate demand:scarcity is managed through quotas; prices used at the margin only. • Improved management towards ‘volumetric management’ is needed; it is foremost a management issue • Once management is improved and scheme modernized, there isless scope for water savings (and role for pricing) • Can scarcity coexist with wastage? A management issue. FTO no TAP • “Pricing is needed to signal the value of water”: applies to urban supply;in irrigation, scarcity is obvious and pricing creates a sense of right • Prices would have to be raised much above O&M and to a significant % of income to find elasticity: will this be acceptable?

37. where use

39. Plan • Generalities of demand management for irrigation • Some difficulties • Some recent approaches • Conclusion

40. Developing sound integrated water conservation strategies Using sound water accounting concepts to develop and monitor integrated water conservation strategies in China

41. Expanding capacity and knowledge Farmers manage their groundwater resources in Andhra Pradesh

42. ANDHRA PRADESH RURAL LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME WATER AUDIT • Inflows to many tanks have declined in recent years, with a severe impact on the utility (inc. recharge), biodiversity and cultural value of the tanks and on reliability of domestic water supplies. • Communities’ belief: • Decline in rainfall • Deforestation in the tank catchment area • Water audit • Water harvesting created upstream along drainage lines in the tank catchment areas in recent years. • Recharge captured locally and small contribution to base flow captured by downstream structures.

43. Water audit • water-related participatory assessments that produce outputs suitable for GIS analysis; • water auditing that combines terrestrial and remotely-sensed data; • modeling for assessing the impact of water harvesting structures on downstream water resource availability; • decision trees that use social, and institutional information along with physical information for targeting project interventions and activities; • a simple GIS-based participatory assessment methodology for M&E of rural water supplies. (Batchelor, Calder, Sharma, DFID)

44. Other options Plan B approaches If you cannot ration water, ration energy Gujarat restructuring of electricity grid Innovative legal instruments Regulating ET by banning transplanting in hottest season (Punjab, India)

45. Exploring opportunities for “water savings” at system level is still worthwhile • Water management is far from being moderately good everywhere • IWRM will engineer “water scarcity” by decreasing allocations/abstraction • More erratic supply (climate change) • There will be financing and it should be put to good use if possible • Some OFWM techniques do “save water” • Adjust irrigation delivery service characteristics to new demands from lower levels to decrease their water use for various reasons, or allow them to adjust to lesser water allocations • Economic opportunities

46. MASSCOTE Modernizing Irrigation Management The MASSCOTE Approach— Mapping System and Services for Canal Operation Techniques Daniel Renault Thierry Facon Robina Wahaj

47. Plan • Generalities of demand management for irrigation • Some difficulties • Some recent approaches • Conclusion

48. Issues for the future • Water efficiency, food security, and rural development Our case studies have revealed a big variation in the economic value of water by sector and by region, low economic efficiency of agricultural water use, and poor cost-effectiveness of underground water withdrawal in North China. Although the general direction of improving water-use efficiency by reducing demand for water by the agricultural sector is supported, the issue is complicated by and associated with various issues involving the rights and well-being of the rural population, national food security, agricultural sector protection, and poverty alleviation. The central issue is how to reduce rural poverty and secure the nation’s food supply while at the same time improving the efficiency of water use. Any further policy recommendations have to address these concerns and will require further study.

49. Demand management strategies and instruments need to be effective and appropriate but seen in a broader context Decision-makers and users need to review broad social and economic and environment objectives through a water lens and improved understanding of water availability and use, to guide bulk allocation, sectoral policies, productivity targets and policy instruments and investments.

50. To arrive at a coherent and feasible set of policy goals, water resources management strategies and investment programmes, it will be important to focus on important policy dilemmas: • Economic water productivity vs. equity and other strategic goals • Resource use efficiency vs. resilience vs. redundancy • National objectives vs. local and river basin objectives • Water, energy and food nexus • Managing informality of the water economies • Political feasibility: ideal vs. second-best options • Managing transitions: supporting resilience or a combination of improvements and exit strategies