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The American Revolution

The American Revolution. Second Continental Congress. OLIVE BRANCH PETITION. By July 1775, the Second Continental Congress was readying for war, though still hoping for peace Most delegates deeply loyal to King George III July 8 – Olive Branch Petition sent to King who flatly refused it.

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The American Revolution

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  1. The American Revolution

  2. Second Continental Congress

  3. OLIVE BRANCH PETITION • By July 1775, the Second Continental Congress was readying for war, though still hoping for peace • Most delegates deeply loyal to King George III • July 8 – Olive BranchPetition sent to King who flatly refused it webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%202%20US%20CHAPTER%202.ppt -

  4. INDEPENDENCE MINDED • Public opinion shifted toward Independence • Why? Enlightenment ideas (John Locke’s Social Contract, and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense) HUGE BEST SELLER, “COMMON SENSE” 1776 webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%202%20US%20CHAPTER%202.ppt -

  5. There is something exceedingly ridiculous in the composition of monarchy; it first excludes a man from the means of information, yet empowers him to act in cases where the highest judgment is required. The state of a king shuts him from the world, yet the business of a king requires him to know it thoroughly; wherefore the different parts, unnaturally opposing and destroying each other, prove the whole character to be absurd and useless. Common Sense

  6. England, since the conquest, hath known some few good monarchs, but groaned beneath a much larger number of bad ones, yet no man in his senses can say that their claim under William the Conqueror is a very honorable one. A French bastard landing with an armed banditti, and establishing himself king of England against the consent of the natives, is in plain terms a very paltry rascally original. It certainly hath no divinity in it. However, it is needless to spend much time in exposing the folly of hereditary right, if there are any so weak as to believe it, let them promiscuously worship the ass and lion, and welcome. I shall neither copy their humility, nor disturb their devotion. Yet I should be glad to ask how they suppose kings came at first? The question admits but of three answers, viz. either by lot, by election, or by usurpation. Common Sense

  7. Small islands not capable of protecting themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something very absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island. In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet, and as England and America, with respect to each Other, reverses the common order of nature, it is evident they belong to different systems: England to Europe, America to itself. Common Sense

  8. Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil in its worst state an in tolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a government, which we might expect in a country without government, our calamities is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer! Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built on the ruins of the bowers of paradise. For were the impulses of conscience Wear, uniform, and irresistibly obeyed, man would need no other lawgiver; but that not being the case, he finds it necessary to surrender up a part of his property to furnish means for the protection of the rest; and this he is induced to do by the same prudence which in every other case advises him out of two evils to choose the least. Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others.

  9. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind.

  10. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress voted unanimously that the American Colonies were free and they adopted the Declaration of Independence • The Colonists had declared their independence– they would now have to fight for it webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%202%20US%20CHAPTER%202.ppt - JEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN

  11. webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%202%20US%20CHAPTER%202.ppt -

  12. When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Declaration of Independence

  13. Strongest Navy Experienced, well trained army Wealth Larger Population ** 9 mil. to 2.5 mil. Advantages the British had at the beginning of the war www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  14. Lacked a strong navy. (weak army) Lacked military experience Weapons and ammo were in short supply Militia groups- volunteer soldiers. Unstable! Population was divided in their effort. Not everyone was a Patriot. Disadvantages the colonists suffered at the beginning of the war. www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  15. August 1776 General Howe (British) 32,000 troops General Washington (American) 20,000 troops Americans had no supplies, no shoes, no socks, or jackets! Americans were out numbered and out maneuvered. American Defeat - British Victory After the loss, Washington retreated to Manhattan. By November, the Army retreated across New Jersey to Pennsylvania. Battle of Long Island www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  16. Battle for New York

  17. “These are the time that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink form the service of their country; but he that stands it NOW, serves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” The Crisis, by Thomas Paine “These are the times that try men’s souls”Winter 1776-1777 yorkcountyschools.org/teachers/wpelkey/American%20Revolution/War%20for%20Independence.ppt

  18. Washington saw the chance to catch the British off guard. Christmas night, Washington crosses the Delaware river with 2400 troops. He surprised the Hessians. Captured 900 Hessians. British sent in reinforcements under General Cornwallis. Washington successfully attacked Princeton and escaped before the British could catch him. Battle of Trenton www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  19. Trenton and Princeton • While of little strategic importance, these battles boosted Patriot morale and gained the patriots more supporters and soldiers. yorkcountyschools.org/teachers/wpelkey/American%20Revolution/War%20for%20Independence.ppt

  20. Washington’s Strategy • Keep an army in the field, and survive to fight another day! • He avoids situations that might destroy his army. • His leadership kept army together event when defeat seemed inevitable. yorkcountyschools.org/teachers/wpelkey/American%20Revolution/War%20for%20Independence.ppt

  21. Crossing the Delaware

  22. British Plan to Defeat the Rebellion—1777 British Plan Take Albany and gain control of the Hudson River to seperate New England from the Middle Colonies. 3 Pronged attack: 1. General Burgoyne leads 8,000 south from Canada 2. Lieutenant Colonel Leger would move East from Lake Ontario 3. General Howe moves North from N.Y. City. ** The 3 forces would meet at Albany and destroy Patriots. www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  23. British General Burgoyne retreats from Vermont in October to Saratoga. Burgoyne faced serious troubles in Saratoga. He expected troops from the west and the south to join him but they had not survived. (St. Leger had been stopped at Ft. Stanwix and Howe was still in Philadelphia.) Battle of Saratoga www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  24. Battle of Saratoga • British seek to cut off New England from colonies. • Colonial General Horatio Gates defeats large British force at Saratoga. • Convinces the French that colonials have a chance to win. • French become open allies! yorkcountyschools.org/teachers/wpelkey/American%20Revolution/War%20for%20Independence.ppt http://jchs.usd475.org/garveyj/APUSH/Unit%202/Brinkley12e_Ch05.ppt#294,14,Chapter Five: The American Revolution

  25. Ben Franklin helped the Patriot cause by visiting Paris. French sent aid because they realized that the Patriots had a chance to win. (Battle of Saratoga) France declared war on Britain. They sent money, equipment, and troops. What caused the French to become allies with the Patriots? How did the French help? www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  26. Spain, Netherlands join after France. Why would these countries become allies? Other nation’s citizens fight: France: Marquis de Lafayette Spain: Bernardo de Galvez Germany: Johann de Kalb Baron Friedrich von Steuben Poland: Thaddeus Kosciusko Other Allies yorkcountyschools.org/teachers/wpelkey/American%20Revolution/War%20for%20Independence.ppt

  27. Meanwhile, Howe advanced on Philadelphia and Washington felt compelled to defend the seat of the Continental Congress. The two armies clashed on September 11, 1777, at Brandywine Creek in southern Pennsylvania. British forces were victorious and occupied Philadelphia. The Continental Congress fled to New York. On October 4, 1777, Washington struck back at Germantown. Again the Americans had to retreat. Brandywine Creek and Germantown, Pennsylvania www.hardee.k12.fl.us/powerpoint/american_revolution.ppt

  28. Horrible winter of terrible suffering, lack of good food, clothing, and shelter. Washington struggled to keep his army together. Many men did not have shoes or jackets. Many soldiers deserted. Of 10,000 troops, over 2,000 died of cold and hunger Valley Forge—1777-1778 www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  29. Valley Forge

  30. Monmouth, New JerseyJune 1778 British General Clinton left Philadelphia on June 18, 1778 to march across New Jersey to New York. He was met by the Continental Army near Monmouth Court house on June 28. The encounter ended in a draw. Clinton continued to New York this was the last major Revolutionary War battle in the north. http://jchs.usd475.org/garveyj/APUSH/Unit%202/Brinkley12e_Ch05.ppt#294,14,Chapter Five: The American Revolution www.hardee.k12.fl.us/powerpoint/american_revolution.ppt

  31. When in May 1775, the Continental Congress began making preparations for war with Great Britain they resolved to issue paper money to pay for salaries and supplies. Congress cranked up the printing press and called on the states to levy taxes to retire the bills. Congress could then issue a new batch of currency. The states, however, never laid the taxes. What was worse, they began issuing their own currency to match the Continental issues. The disastrous result was that all the bills stayed in circulation, Congress and the states continually printed more, and the whole mass depreciated to almost nothing in five years. Not Worth a Continental http://www.mises.org/story/1273

  32. By 1778, army procurement officers, both state and federal, resorted to "impressing" (i.e. seizing) whatever supplies or goods they needed, giving "certificates" of debt in return, the market value of which quickly plummeted. http://www.us-coin-values-advisor.com/images/Continental-Currency.jpg http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/6/6a/200px-Continental_Currency_One-Third-Dollar_17-Feb-76_obv.jpg

  33. Financing the Revolution • Financing the War: • Congress issued Continentalsto pay it’s soldiers. • Congress causes inflation by printing too much money. • In 1781, Congress appoints Robert Morris and Haym Solomon to organize their finances. go.dbcc.edu/behavior_socsci/mckeowm/files/03318850EB8B44109F082A59D77F1C71.ppt

  34. "The Army, as usual, are without pay; and a great part of the Soldiery without shirts; and tho' the patience of them is equally thread bear, the States seem perfectly indifferent to their cries." George Washington As a pressure group a standing army was a double-edged sword, a fact not lost to its senior officers, or to financier Robert Morris, or to the more perceptive delegates in the Continental Congress -- it might prove to be as unwieldy as it was powerful. Fortunately for the fledgling republic, discussions among general officers during the winter about how to best exert the army's influence were tempered by the officers' determination to safeguard the army's "immaculate" reputation at any cost. Nevertheless, it all came to a head on 10 March 1783 when an anonymous address called on the officers at Newburgh to "redress their own grievances." Road to the Newburgh Conspiracy http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/grizzard_2.html

  35. Great Britain used its large navy to blockade the Patriots and their allies from entering or leaving the colonies. Prevents supplies and reinforcements from reaching the Continental Army. To break the blockade, the 2nd Continental Congress ordered the construction of 13 American warships. The British blockade and America’s response to it. www.usm.edu/armyrotc/militaryhistory/Lsn%203-%20Rev%20War.ppt

  36. John Paul Jones’ raids Battle of Flamborough Head http://www2.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/220/4.ppt#405,33,Battle of Flamborough Head

  37. Battle of Flamborough Head- 4 Sept 1778Bonhomme Richard vs. SerapisJohn Paul Jones: “I have not yet begun tofight.” http://www2.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/220/4.ppt#405,33,Battle of Flamborough Head

  38. Southern Strategy http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/PowerPoints/AmericanRevolution-CriticalPeriodMaps.ppt#279,13,Slide 13 http://www.nvcc.edu/home/dporter/his279/279Lectures/12%20War%20in%20the%20South.ppt#336,18,Slide 18

  39. Britain’s “Southern Strategy” • Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. • Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving. • The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] • Good US General:Nathanial Greene http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/PowerPoints/AmericanRevolution-CriticalPeriodMaps.ppt#279,13,Slide 13

  40. 1779 – British capture Savannah, Georgia 1780 – British capture Charleston, South Carolina Battle of Camden ( B ) –Horatio Gates ( A ) vs Lord Charles Cornwallis ( B ) War in the South http://www.plattscsd.org/library/library/resources/Campaign%20Years%20of%201778%20-%201781.ppt#275,22,War in the South

  41. Battle of Camden http://www.plattscsd.org/library/library/resources/Campaign%20Years%20of%201778%20-%201781.ppt#275,22,War in the South

  42. 1781 • Battle of Cowpens ( A ) – Daniel Morgan ( A ) vs Banastre Tarleton ( B ) • Battle of Yorktown ( A ) – George Washington ( A ) and Count Rochambeau ( F ) vs Lord Charles Cornwallis ( B ) – British surrender – last major battle of the revolution http://www.plattscsd.org/library/library/resources/Campaign%20Years%20of%201778%20-%201781.ppt#275,22,War in the South

  43. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau AdmiralDe Grasse http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/PowerPoints/AmericanRevolution-CriticalPeriodMaps.ppt#279,13,Slide 13

  44. Battle of Yorktown (1781) • Huge force under British General Cornwallis is trapped on a peninsula, backed up against water. • French Navy blockades York River • British cannot re-supply or escape. • French and Colonial troops surround town. • After several small battles, Cornwallis surrenders. • The last major battle of the war. yorkcountyschools.org/teachers/wpelkey/American%20Revolution/War%20for%20Independence.ppt

  45. Yorktown

  46. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: “The World Turned Upside Down!” Painted by John Trumbull, 1797 http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/PowerPoints/AmericanRevolution-CriticalPeriodMaps.ppt#279,13,Slide 13

  47. Treaty of Paris (1783) • Ends the Revolutionary War. • Britain recognizes the United States as an independent nation. • Sets the borders of the United States. • Congress agrees American loyalists will have property restored • Americans ignore this order. yorkcountyschools.org/teachers/wpelkey/American%20Revolution/War%20for%20Independence.ppt

  48. North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783 http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/PowerPoints/AmericanRevolution-CriticalPeriodMaps.ppt#279,13,Slide 13

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