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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS and QUEST FOR PEACE. ARAB-ISRAELI WARS. 1 . May-June and July-December 1948 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria-Lebanon-Iraq 2 . October-November 1956 Egypt vs. Israel-France-Britain 3 . June 1967 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria 4 . October 1973 Israel vs. Egypt-Syria.
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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 1. May-June and July-December 1948 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria-Lebanon-Iraq 2. October-November 1956 Egypt vs. Israel-France-Britain 3. June 1967 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria 4. October 1973 Israel vs. Egypt-Syria
ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 5. March 1978 Israel vs. PLO 6. June 1982 - June 1985 Israel-Christian Lebanese vs. PLO-Syria (briefly)
ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 7. July 1993 Israel vs. Hizbullah 8. April 1996 Israel vs. Hizbullah OperationGrapes of Wrath 9. July-September 2006 Israel vs. Hizbullah
ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 10. December 2008 – June 2009 Israel vs. Hamas Operation Cast Lead
GULF WARS 1. September 1980-August 1988 Iraq vs. Iran 2. August 1990- March 1991 Iraq vs. Kuwait 3. March – April 2003 Iraq vs. US Coalition
Peace Efforts in the Middle East 1949 – Armistices and Res. 194 1956 – UNEF and withdrawal of occupyingforces from Egypt 1967 – Resolution 242 1979 – Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty 1980s – Multitude of Peace Plans 1991 – Madrid Summit and Multilaterals
Peace Efforts in the Middle East 1993 – Oslo Accords 1994 – Jordanian-Israeli Peace Treaty 2000 – Collapse of Oslo Process 2003 – Road Map and the Quartet 2007 - Annapolis 2010 – Obama and Peace Efforts
Withdrawal From Sinai Following the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 Expressingitscontinuingconcernwiththegravesituation in theMiddle East, Emphasizingtheinadmissibility of theacquisition of territorybywarandtheneedtoworkfor a justandlastingpeace in whicheveryState in thearea can live in security, EmphasizingfurtherthatallMemberStates in theiracceptance of the Charter of the United Nationshaveundertaken a commitmenttoact in accordancewithArticle 2 of the Charter,
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 1. Affirmsthatthefulfillment of Charter principlesrequirestheestablishment of a justandlastingpeace in theMiddle East whichshouldincludetheapplication of boththefollowingprinciples: • Withdrawal of Israeliarmedforcesfromterritoriesoccupied in therecentconflict; • Termination of allclaimsorstates of belligerencyandrespectforandacknowledgement of thesovereignty, territorialintegrityandpoliticalindependence of everyState in theareaandtheirrighttolive in peacewithinsecureandrecognizedboundariesfreefromthreatsoracts of force;
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 2. Affirms further the necessity • For guaranteeing freedom of navigation through international waterways in the area; • For achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem; • For guaranteeing the territorial inviolability and political independence of every State in the area, through measures including the establishment of demilitarized zones;
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 3. RequeststheSecretary General todesignate a SpecialRepresentativetoproceedtotheMiddle East toestablishandmaintaincontactswiththeStatesconcerned in ordertopromoteagreementandassisteffortstoachieve a peacefulandacceptedsettlement in accordancewiththeprovisionsandprinciples in thisresolution; 4. RequeststheSecretary-General toreporttotheSecurityCouncil on theprogress of theefforts of theSpecialRepresentative as soon as possible.
Oslo AccordsIsrael-PLO Declaration of Principles of Interim Self-Government Agreement, September 1993 Objective: Create a peace process to achieve incrementally a final settlement by 1999 Main dates and features: 1st stage: Sept. 1993 – Summer 1994 Palestinian Authority established in the Gaza Strip and Jericho, May 1994
Oslo Accords 2nd stage: Summer 1994 – May 1995 Israeli withdrawal from West Bank towns, Palestinian elections to choose president and Legislative council and amend PLO Charter. Elections only in January 1996
Oslo Accords 3rd stage: Final status negotiations May 1996 to May 1999 Issue of final borders, Jewish settlements, Status of the city of Jerusalem, Return of refugees, Conclude peace treaty
Collapse of Oslo and subsequent efforts • The second intifadah, September 2000 • Violence (suicide bombings and rockets) and growth of settlements • April 2003 Road map, to break cycle of violence • Arafat dies 2004, Abbas elected 2005, Hamas wins legislative elections June 2006) • More violence including intra-Palestinian • Annapolis – two state solution • September 2010 US led direct talks
Challenges • Divided Palestinians • Jewish settlements (from 10,600 in 1972 to 441,000 in 2004 and 517,000 in 2009) • West Bank separation wall (started in 2006) • One state vs. two state vs. no state • Right wing and religious nationalism • Economic and social state of West Bank/Gaza Strip