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Lecture IS3318

Lecture IS3318. 22/11/11. System Vulnerability and Abuse. Computer crime D efined as “any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution” Computer may be target of crime, e.g.:

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Lecture IS3318

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  1. Lecture IS3318 22/11/11

  2. System Vulnerability and Abuse • Computer crime • Defined as “any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution” • Computer may be target of crime, e.g.: • Breaching confidentiality of protected computerized data • Accessing a computer system without authority • Computer may be instrument of crime, e.g.: • Theft of trade secrets • Using e-mail for threats or harassment

  3. System Vulnerability and Abuse • Identity theft: Theft of personal Information (social security id, driver’s license or credit card numbers) to impersonate someone else • Phishing: Setting up fake Web sites or sending e-mail messages that look like legitimate businesses to ask users for confidential personal data. • Evil twins: Wireless networks that pretend to offer trustworthy Wi-Fi connections to the Internet • Pharming: Redirects users to a bogus Web page, even when individual types correct Web page address into his or her browser

  4. System Vulnerability and Abuse • Click fraud • Individual or computer program clicks online ad without any intention of learning more or making a purchase • Global threats - Cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare • Concern that Internet vulnerabilities and other networks make digital networks easy targets for digital attacks by terrorists, foreign intelligence services, or other groups

  5. System Vulnerability and Abuse • Internal threats – Employees • Security threats often originate inside an organization • Inside knowledge • Sloppy security procedures • User lack of knowledge • Social engineering: • Tricking employees into revealing their passwords by pretending to be legitimate members of the company in need of information

  6. System Vulnerability and Abuse • Software vulnerability • Commercial software contains flaws that create security vulnerabilities • Hidden bugs (program code defects) • Zero defects cannot be achieved because complete testing is not possible with large programs • Flaws can open networks to intruders • Patches • Vendors release small pieces of software to repair flaws • However, amount of software in use can mean exploits created faster than patches be released and implemented

  7. Business Value of Security and Control • Lack of security, control can lead to • Loss of revenue • Failed computer systems can lead to significant or total loss of business function • Lowered market value: • Information assets can have tremendous value • A security breach may cut into firm’s market value almost immediately • Legal liability • Lowered employee productivity • Higher operational costs

  8. Business Value of Security and Control • Electronic evidence • Evidence for white collar crimes often found in digital form • Data stored on computer devices, e-mail, instant messages, e-commerce transactions • Proper control of data can save time, money when responding to legal discovery request • Computer forensics: • Scientific collection, examination, authentication, preservation, and analysis of data from computer storage media for use as evidence in court of law • Includes recovery of ambient and hidden data

  9. Establishing a Framework for Security and Control • Information systems controls • General controls • Govern design, security, and use of computer programs and data throughout organization’s IT infrastructure • Combination of hardware, software, and manual procedures to create overall control environment • Types of general controls • Software controls • Hardware controls • Computer operations controls • Data security controls • Implementation controls • Administrative controls

  10. Establishing a Framework for Security and Control • Application controls • Specific controls unique to each computerized application, such as payroll or order processing • Include both automated and manual procedures • Ensure that only authorized data are completely and accurately processed by that application • Types of application controls: • Input controls • Processing controls • Output controls

  11. Technologies and Tools for Security • Antivirus and antispyware software: • Checks computers for presence of malware and can often eliminate it as well • Require continual updating • Unified threat management (UTM) • Comprehensive security management products • Tools include • Firewalls • Intrusion detection • VPNs • Web content filtering • Antispam software

  12. Intro to Databases • File organization concepts • Computer system organizes data in a hierarchy • Field: Group of characters as word(s) or number • Record: Group of related fields • File: Group of records of same type • Database: Group of related files • Record: Describes an entity • Entity: Person, place, thing on which we store information • Attribute: Each characteristic, or quality, describing entity • E.g., Attributes Date or Grade belong to entity COURSE

  13. The Data Hierarchy A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy that starts with the bit, which represents either a 0 or a 1. Bits can be grouped to form a byte to represent one character, number, or symbol. Bytes can be grouped to form a field, and related fields can be grouped to form a record. Related records can be collected to form a file, and related files can be organized into a database. Figure 6-1

  14. Problems with the traditional file environment (files maintained separately by different departments) • Data redundancy and inconsistency • Data redundancy: Presence of duplicate data in multiple files • Data inconsistency: Same attribute has different values • Program-data dependence: • When changes in program requires changes to data accessed by program • Lack of flexibility • Poor security • Lack of data sharing and availability

  15. Database • Collection of data organized to serve many applications by centralizing data and controlling redundant data • Database management system • Interfaces between application programs and physical data files • Separates logical and physical views of data • Solves problems of traditional file environment • Controls redundancy • Eliminates inconsistency • Uncouples programs and data • Enables organization to central manage data and data security

  16. Human Resources Database with Multiple Views A single human resources database provides many different views of data, depending on the information requirements of the user. Illustrated here are two possible views, one of interest to a benefits specialist and one of interest to a member of the company’s payroll department. Figure 6-3

  17. Relational DBMS • Represent data as two-dimensional tables called relations or files • Each table contains data on entity and attributes • Table: grid of columns and rows • Rows (tuples): Records for different entities • Fields (columns): Represents attribute for entity • Key field: Field used to uniquely identify each record • Primary key: Field in table used for key fields • Foreign key: Primary key used in second table as look-up field to identify records from original table

  18. Relational Database Tables A relational database organizes data in the form of two-dimensional tables. Illustrated here are tables for the entities SUPPLIER and PART showing how they represent each entity and its attributes. Supplier_Number is a primary key for the SUPPLIER table and a foreign key for the PART table. Figure 6-4A

  19. Relational Database Tables (cont.) Figure 6-4B

  20. Capabilities of Database Management Systems • Data definition capability: Specifies structure of database content, used to create tables and define characteristics of fields • Data dictionary: Automated or manual file storing definitions of data elements and their characteristics • Data manipulation language: Used to add, change, delete, retrieve data from database • Structured Query Language (SQL) • Microsoft Access user tools for generation SQL • Many DBMS have report generation capabilities for creating polished reports (Crystal Reports)

  21. The Database Approach to Data Management Microsoft Access Data Dictionary Features Figure 6-6 Microsoft Access has a rudimentary data dictionary capability that displays information about the size, format, and other characteristics of each field in a database. Displayed here is the information maintained in the SUPPLIER table. The small key icon to the left of Supplier_Number indicates that it is a key field.

  22. Some Drawbacks… • Complexity • A DBMS is a complex piece of software all users must fully understand it to make use of its functionalities • Cost of DBMS • The cost varies significantly depending on the environment and the functionality provided. Must take into consideration recurrent annual maintenance costs

  23. Continued.. • Cost of Conversion • Cost of converting existing applications to run on the new DBMS and hardware. (additional training costs) • Performance • DBMS is written for applications in general which means that some applications may run slower than before • Higher Impact of Failure • Centralization of resources increases vulnerability of the system

  24. Database Administrator • Oversees a staff of database specialists • Final recommendations for DB design • Load and maintain DB • Establish security controls • Perform backup and recovery

  25. Data Administration Data Administrator Database technology And management Database Management System Data planning and modelling technology Users

  26. Systems Analyst • Or business analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in business problem analysis and technology-independent requirements analysis. • A programmer/analyst (or analyst/programmer) includes the responsibilities of both the computer programmer and the systems analyst. • Other synonyms for systems analyst include: • Systems consultant • Systems architect • Systems engineer • Information engineer • Systems integrator

  27. Variations on the Systems Analysts Title • Other synonyms for systems analyst include: • Systems consultant • Systems architect • Systems engineer • Information engineer • Systems integrator

  28. Where Systems Analysts Work • In traditional businesses • Working in traditional information services organizations(permanent project teams) • Working in contemporary information services organizations(dynamic project teams) • In outsourcing businesses • Contracted to traditional businesses • In consulting businesses • Contracted to traditional businesses • In application software businesses • Building software products for traditional businesses

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