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Spoken language phonetics: Transcription, articulation, consonants

Spoken language phonetics: Transcription, articulation, consonants. LING 200 Winter 2009. Plan for today. Phonetic transcription Phonetics Articulation of speech sounds Description of consonants. First, some amazing things about language. What is a phonetic transcription?.

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Spoken language phonetics: Transcription, articulation, consonants

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  1. Spoken language phonetics:Transcription, articulation, consonants LING 200 Winter 2009

  2. Plan for today • Phonetic transcription • Phonetics • Articulation of speech sounds • Description of consonants

  3. First, some amazing things about language

  4. What is a phonetic transcription? • Way of writing languages that • have no writing system or • have writing systems that don’t represent sounds consistently • Spoken vs. signed languages

  5. A language with no writing system Witsuwit’en • ‘driftwood’ • ‘cane’ • ‘footwear’ [təz] [thʌz] [qhɛ] • Notice • some familiar symbols (but may have new values) • some unfamiliar symbols

  6. A language that doesn’t represent sound consistently • English • Different letters but same sound • she, tree, ski, believe, receive, amoeba • Same letter but different sounds • red, she, the, get

  7. Why phonetic transcription needed • Allows us to “freeze” language and talk about • structure • how structure learned • how structure may vary between speakers • how structure may change over time • Provides a universal framework for the description of spoken languages

  8. What is phonetics? • Articulatory phonetics • how sounds are produced • Acoustic phonetics • acoustic properties of sounds • Auditory phonetics • how sounds are perceived • All branches use phonetic transcription

  9. Articulatory phonetics Some of the vocal tract structures relevant for speech nasal cavity pharynx oral cavity

  10. A clip from The Human Language Evolves (Human Language, vol. 3) (0:31-1:50) • “6 dancers” • “the lips” • “3 different parts of the tongue” • “the soft palate” • “the larynx”

  11. More vocal tract structures relevant for speech Distinct sound results from location, degree of constriction in vocal tract

  12. Phonetic description • =Description of speech sounds • For consonants, mainly: • State of glottis • Place of articulation • Manner of articulation

  13. Some places of articulation upper articulator lower articulator • “3 different parts of the tongue” • tip(3)/blade(6) • body(front-7/back-8) • root

  14. Some structures in vocal tract

  15. Some places of articulation in English see slide 13

  16. Manner of articulation • = “degree of occlusion” • How close are lower and upper articulator? • Relatively close, narrowed or constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants • Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels

  17. Some consonant manners of articulation • Stops: complete occlusion of airflow • bill, dill, gill • Fricatives: air pressure build-up behind occlusion; turbulent airflow • Liquids and glides: no pressure build-up

  18. Some English fricatives

  19. Liquids and glides = Approximants:No pressure build-up, non-turbulent airflow *See slide 13

  20. State of the glottis

  21. The larynx and vocal cords

  22. Some states of the glottis in English • voiced: vocal cords are close, vibrate when air passes through glottis • voiceless: vocal cords apart, do not vibrate • Some voiced and voiceless fricatives

  23. Back to phonetic transcription • Transcription symbols abbreviate phonetic descriptions • E.g. [p] = voiceless bilabial stop • Phonetic transcription in square brackets • International Phonetic Association (http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipachart.html) • interactive chart: http://www.ladefogeds.com/course/chapter1/chapter1.html

  24. Summary • Phonetic description of consonants • place of articulation • manner of articulation (degree of occlusion) • state of glottis • Phonetic transcription

  25. Question • Think of some consonant in a language you know that is not one of the speech sounds of English. Be sure to name the language. • Describe that consonant using whatever terms you like. • (Write your TA’s name on your paper and hand to your TA.)

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