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Chapter 25 Fungi

Chapter 25 Fungi. Fig. 31-1. Fig. 31-2. Reproductive structure. Hyphae. Spore-producing structures. 20 µm. Mycelium. Fig. 31-3. Cell wall. Cell wall. Nuclei. Pore. Septum. Nuclei. (a) Septate hypha. (b) Coenocytic hypha. Fig. 31-5-3. Key. Heterokaryotic stage. Haploid ( n ).

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Chapter 25 Fungi

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  1. Chapter 25 Fungi

  2. Fig. 31-1

  3. Fig. 31-2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium

  4. Fig. 31-3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha

  5. Fig. 31-5-3 Key Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spores

  6. Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm

  7. Fig. 31-7 10 µm Parent cell Bud

  8. Fig. 31-11 Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

  9. Fig. 31-13-4 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Sporangia Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination Mycelium 50 µm

  10. Glomeromycetes • The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) were once considered zygomycetes • They are now classified in a separate clade • Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae

  11. Fig. 31-15 2.5 µm

  12. Fig. 31-16 Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

  13. Fig. 31-17-4 Conidia; mating type (–) Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Asci Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

  14. Fig. 31-18a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat

  15. Fig. 31-18b Puffballs emitting spores

  16. Fig. 31-18c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

  17. Fig. 31-19-4 Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n+n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n) Basidiospore 1 µm

  18. Fig. 31-20

  19. Fig. 31-23a A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

  20. Fig. 31-23b Crustose (encrusting) lichens

  21. Fig. 31-23c A foliose (leaflike) lichen

  22. Fig. 31-24 Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae

  23. Fig. 31-25a (a) Corn smut on corn

  24. Fig. 31-25b (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

  25. Fig. 31-25c (c) Ergots on rye

  26. Fig. 31-26 Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth

  27. Fig. 31-UN6a

  28. Fig. 31-UN6b

  29. Fig. 31-UN6c

  30. Fig. 31-UN6d

  31. Fig. 31-UN6e

  32. You should now be able to: • List the characteristics that distinguish fungi from other multicellular kingdoms 2. Describe the life cycles of Rhizopus stolonifer and Neurospora crassa 3. Distinguish among zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes 4. Describe some of the roles of fungi in ecosystems, lichens, animal-fungi mutualistic symbioses, food production, and medicine and as pathogens

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