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Chapter 25 Fungi. Fig. 31-1. Fig. 31-2. Reproductive structure. Hyphae. Spore-producing structures. 20 µm. Mycelium. Fig. 31-3. Cell wall. Cell wall. Nuclei. Pore. Septum. Nuclei. (a) Septate hypha. (b) Coenocytic hypha. Fig. 31-5-3. Key. Heterokaryotic stage. Haploid ( n ).
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Fig. 31-2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium
Fig. 31-3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha
Fig. 31-5-3 Key Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spores
Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm
Fig. 31-7 10 µm Parent cell Bud
Fig. 31-11 Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
Fig. 31-13-4 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Sporangia Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination Mycelium 50 µm
Glomeromycetes • The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) were once considered zygomycetes • They are now classified in a separate clade • Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Fig. 31-15 2.5 µm
Fig. 31-16 Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
Fig. 31-17-4 Conidia; mating type (–) Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Asci Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS
Fig. 31-18a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat
Fig. 31-18b Puffballs emitting spores
Fig. 31-18c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood
Fig. 31-19-4 Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n+n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n) Basidiospore 1 µm
Fig. 31-23a A fruticose (shrublike) lichen
Fig. 31-23b Crustose (encrusting) lichens
Fig. 31-23c A foliose (leaflike) lichen
Fig. 31-24 Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae
Fig. 31-25a (a) Corn smut on corn
Fig. 31-25b (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves
Fig. 31-25c (c) Ergots on rye
Fig. 31-26 Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth
You should now be able to: • List the characteristics that distinguish fungi from other multicellular kingdoms 2. Describe the life cycles of Rhizopus stolonifer and Neurospora crassa 3. Distinguish among zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes 4. Describe some of the roles of fungi in ecosystems, lichens, animal-fungi mutualistic symbioses, food production, and medicine and as pathogens