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COMMON CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: THOSE THAT ARE MOSTLY SOLUBILE

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COMMON CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: THOSE THAT ARE MOSTLY SOLUBILE

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    1. COMMON CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: THOSE THAT ARE MOSTLY SOLUBILE

    2. COMMON ANIONS

    3. SOLUBILITY AND pH (3.4/54)

    4. IONIC RADIUS AND IONIC CHARGE (3.5/56)

    5. COMMON CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: THOSE THAT ARE MOSTLY RES.

    6. PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING Solution = Leaching Dissociation of a Mineral in Water. No New Weathering Products. Ions Added to Ground Water ? Surface Water.

    7. PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING Carbonation Solution in Carbonic Acid. What is Carbonic Acid? Example: Solution of Calcite. What are the Controlling Factors?

    8. CARBONATE GEOCHEMISTRY Formation of Carbonic Acid: H2O + CO2 H2CO3 CO2 From Atmosphere, Decaying Organic Matter Solution of Calcite: CaCO3 + H2CO3 Ca2+ + 2HCO3-

    9. PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING Oxidation Increase in Positive Valence Cu+ Cu2+ Decrease in Negative Valence S2- S Combination with Oxygen 2Zn + O2 2ZnO2

    10. OXIDATION OF IRON-BEARING MINERALS From 4 Fe 2+O + O2 2Fe3+ 2O3 (hematite) FERRO MAGS 4 Fe2+O + O2 + nH2O 2Fe3+2O3.nH2O (limonite)

    11. PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING Hydration Chemical Combination with Water CaSO4 + H2O CaSO4.H2O Anhydrite Gypsum

    12. CHEMICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES Hydrolysis Breakdown of Water Into H+ and OH- Significance: The Weathering of Silicates

    13. WEATHERING OF A FELDSPAR 2KAlSi3O8 + H+ + OH- H4Al2Si2O9 + 4SiO2 (3.2/51 ) (clay) (silica) + 2K+ + 2OH- With CO2, Combination of Carbonation and Hydrolysis: KAlSi3O8 + H+ + OH- + CO2 HAlSiOn + K2CO3 + (clay) (soluble carb.) + SiO2 + OH-

    14. MINERAL WEATHERING STABILITY OF MINERALS GOLDICH WEATHERING SERIES

    15. WEATHERING OF A FERROMAGNESIUM MINERAL Hornblende + H2 + CO2 Clay + Calcite + Silica + Fe Oxide + OH-

    16. CHELATION Organic Complex Incorporates Metallic Ions. (3.7/58) Much Greater Solubility, Mobility.

    17. BASIC TYPES OF CHANGE

    18. MINERAL WEATHERING INDICES Ratios of Light, Heavy Minerals Quartz / Feldspar Zircon + Tourmaline / Amphiboles + Pyroxenes Generally Used Within Context of Weathering Profile. Comparisons of Weathering due to Effects of Parent Material, Climate, Age. Standardize Grain Size. Etching of Amphiboles and Pyroxenes.

    19. CLAY MINERALS Definition: A Layer Silicate Mineral < 2 Types Of Layers: Clays Are Sandwiches of Tetrahedral and Octahedral Layers (T3.3/60) Tetrahedral Layers: Composed of Silicon Tetrahedra (Si Equidistant from 4O Ions) Octahedral Layer: Octahedra with Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+ Equidistant from 6O or OH Ions

    20. CLAY MINERAL Structural Units 1:1 Layer Silicate: Alternating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Sheets Example: Kaolinite 2:1 Layer Silicate: Octahedral Sheet with Tetrahedral Sheet on Either Side Examples: Illite, Smectite

    21. CLAY MINERALS Cations Cations to Bind Structural Units: H+ In Kaolinite K+ In Illite Ca2+, Mg2+ In Smectite Interlayered Exchangeable Cations and Water: Expandable (Swelling) Clays.

    22. CLAY MINERALS Stability Relatively Stability (3.8/62) [Table 2.6] X-ray Diffraction Patterns 7.2 Peak = Kaolinite and / or Chlorite 10 Peak = Illite Peaks Between 10 and 17 = Expandable Clay Minerals

    23. CLAY MINERALS Stability Expandable Clay Minerals: Smectite Vermiculite Various Mixed-layer Clays Use of Various Ratios: Expandables / Nonexpandables Illite / Kaolinite

    24. CLAY MINERALS Ion Exchange Clay Mineral Structures Usually Electrically Negative Permits Cations to be Held: H - Acid Clay Ca, Mg, K, Na - Alkaline Clay and Exchanged. Referred to as Base Exchange.

    25. CLAY MINERALS Ion Exchange Order: Ca - Mg - Na - K Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Varies with: Kind of Clay Mineral Amount of Clay Amount, Kind of Organic Matter

    26. CLAY MINERALS Ion Exchange Base Saturation:

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