HS130: Anatomy & Physiology II

1. HS130: Anatomy & Physiology II Unit 1 Seminar Dr. Daudi K. Langat Adjunct Professor, Kaplan University Welcome to the first Seminar this semester! We will begin at the top of the hour. Since this is an Audio Seminar, ensure the speakers in your Computer are set to a comfortable sound level. You will be able to ask me questions using the Text box.

2. Your Instructor • Daudi K. Langat, Ph.D • Adjunct Professor • Email: DLangat@kaplan.edu • AIM: Kipngetich1 (evenings and Off. hrs) • Yahoo IM: dlangat (10:00 am – 4:00 pm • Central time in the weekdays) • Office Hours: • Tuesday 10:00—11:59 PM ET

3. Seminar Topic: • We will be discussing course objectives and protocol, so come with any questions you may have. • We will also discuss concepts from Chapter 11 – Blood, including blood composition and blood types.

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8. Seminar Topic • We will discuss concepts from Chapter 11 – Blood, including blood composition and blood types.

9. Components of Human Blood Approximate values for the components of blood in a normal adult. Values will vary with age, sex, and nutritional status

10. Morphology of Red Blood Cells Comparison of normal and sickle-shaped RBCs (color-enhanced scanning electron micrographs [SEMs]). A, Normal red blood cells, B, Shape of RBCs in sickle cell anemia.

11. Red blood cells • Structure —disk-shaped, without nuclei • Functions —transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Common disorders involving red blood cells: • Anemia —inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues; caused, for example, by: • Inadequate RBC numbers • Deficiency of hemoglobin • Pernicious anemia—deficiency of vitamin B12 • Polycythemia —abnormally high RBC count • Hematocrit test —medical test in which a centrifuge is used to separate whole blood into formed elements and liquid fraction

12. Hematocrit tubes showing normal blood, anemia, and polycythemia. Note the buffy coat located between the packed RBCs and the plasma. A, A normal percentage of red blood cells (RBCs). B, Anemia (a low percentage of RBCs). C, Polycythemia (a high percentage of RBCs). D, Photograph shows a laboratory centrifuge used to “spin down” tubes of whole blood to separate the formed elements from the plasma. Note the six openings that permit multiple hematocrit tubes to be processed at the same time.

13. White blood cells (Leukocytes) • General function —defense • WBC count and what it shows: • Differential WBC count reveals proportions of each type of WBC • Leukopenia —abnormally low WBC count • Leukocytosis —abnormally high WBC count • Neutrophils and monocytes carry out phagocytosis • Lymphocytes produce antibodies (B-lymphocytes) or directly attack foreign cells (T-lymphocytes) • Eosinophils protect against parasitic irritants that cause allergies • Basophils produce heparin, which inhibits clotting

14. Leukocytes in blood smears Each light micrograph shows a different type of stained white blood cell surrounded by several smaller red blood cells.

15. WBC disorders • Leukemia —cancer • Elevated WBC count • Cells do not function properly • Type identified by how quickly symptoms appear and cell type involved • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

16. Platelets and blood clotting • Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting • Blood clot formation • Clotting factors released at the injury site produce prothrombin activator • Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin • Thrombin triggers formation of fibrin, which traps RBCs to form a clot

17. Blood Clotting Cascade A, The extremely complex clotting mechanism can be distilled into three basic steps: 1, release of clotting factors from both injured tissue cells and sticky platelets at the injury site (which form a temporary platelet plug); 2, series of chemical reactions that eventually result in the formation of thrombin; and 3, formation of fibrin and trapping of red blood cells to form a clot. B, Red and white blood cells (WBCs) entrapped in a fibrin (yellow) mesh during clot formation (WBCs are blue).

18. The Clotting Cascade Intrinsic Pathway Extrinsic Pathway Surface Contact Collagen FXII activator Tissue/Cell Defect F XII F XIIa F VIIa F VII Ca2+ F XI F XIa Ca2+ F IX F IXa F III (Tissue Thromboplastin) Ca2+ F VIII F VIIIa Platelet Factor 3 Factor F X Factor F Xa Factor F X Ca2+ Ca2+ F Va F V Prothrombin I Thrombin Ca2+ F XIIIa F XIII Fibrinpolymers Fibrinmonomers Fibrinogen CrosslinkedFibrin Meshwork

19. Results of different combinations of donor and recipient blood

20. Review Topics & Questions • Name several substances found in blood plasma. • Explain the function of albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens. • What is the difference between serum and plasma? • What two types of connective tissue form blood cells? Where are they found and what do each of them form?

21. Review Topics & Questions • Describe the structure of a red blood cell. What advantage does this unique shape give the red blood cell that helps it perform its function? • Both aplastic anemia and pernicious anemia are characterized by low red blood cell count. Explain the difference in their causes.

22. Review Topics & Questions • What is the buffy coat? • Explain the function of neutrophils and monocytes. • Explain the function of lymphocytes. • Explain the function of eosinophils and basophils. • Distinguish between leukopenia and leukocytosis.

23. Review Topics & Questions • How is hemophilia transmitted? What blood clotting factors can be affected? • Explain the process of blood clot formation • Explain how heparin inhibits blood clot formation • Differentiate between the process of blood clot formation and the process of blood agglutination.

24. Review Topics & Questions • Differentiate between a thrombus and an embolus. • Explain how type A blood differs from type B blood and type O blood. • Explain the cause of erythroblastosis fetalis. • Why is the first Rh positive baby born to an Rh negative mother usually unaffected?

25. Questions?? Thanks for attending!See you in discussion!