Information obtained from the following sources: Commission of the European Communities

1. Global perspectives on status of integrative/systems physiology: current status and supply/demand issues. Allen W. Cowley, Jr., IUPS President • Information obtained from the following sources: • Commission of the European Communities • UK Life Sciences Committee (Animal Science Group) • British Pharmacology Society • IUPS Survey of Council and Scientific Commissions • APS Survey of Chair persons of US Medical Schools • Personal communications (Industry and Academia)

2. Rodents and Rabbits 81% Birds 4% Cold-blooded 13% Farm animals, primates, carnivores & unclassified <2% Scientific utilization of animals by European countries Commission of the European Communities Belgium Denmark Germany Greece Spain France Ireland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Austria Portugal Finland Sweden United Kingdom 1.212 million .350 1.51 .019 .506 ? .077 1.09 .001 .652 .205 .049 .110 .286 2.659

3. Scientific purpose for utilization of animals Industry 44% Testing 9% 4% 1% Diagnosis Basic Research Education Other 25% 17%

4. Supply and Demand of Integrative and Systems Scientists in the UK (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) National Curriculum: • Animal dissection is no longer a requirement in the A Level Biology practical assessment; no longer in the main body of the courses except some demonstrations. • Course content changed drastically over last 2-3 decades from emphasis on evolutionary integrative biology to “bio-molecular” science (“modern bioscience”). • - Students “have little practical knowledge of animal form and function.

5. Supply and Demand of Integrative and Systems Scientists in the UK (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) Undergraduate Level Situation – B.Sc University Students: • Focus of most syllabi on non-whole animal topics • Commonly no animal dissection during • undergraduate years

6. Supply and Demand of Integrative and Systems Scientists in the UK (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) Reasons for this situation: 1. Intense competition to register undergraduate students in science subjects. Animal dissection is a disincentive to register. 2. There has been a reduction in the laboratory component of Biology courses; this is in part due reduced time allocated to teaching (moved toward US semester system, modular degree programs). 3. Government cost cutting: staff/student ratios reduced; reduced laboratory sessions that require considerable staffing.

7. Supply and Demand of Integrative and Systems Scientists in the UK (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) :: Undergraduate Level Situation – B.Sc University Students • Reasons for this situation (continued): • 4. Use of animals for students doing honors projects present problems due to: • a. Most Universities lack of animal facilities, or if present they are very expensive. • b. Fears from animal rights activists. • c. Considerable bureaucratic delays and costs in obtaining Home Office Education licenses.

8. Supply and Demand of Integrative and Systems Scientists in the UK (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) Undergraduate Level Situation – B.Sc. University Students • Conclusions: • Students at many UK universities do not receive the education they need to make informed choice of future careers. • This has contributed to the current chronic shortage of integrated systems scientists.

9. Supply and Demand of Integrative and Systems Scientists in the UK (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) UK situation of postgraduate level: • Shortage well recognized, but little done to address the problem. • Efforts to recruit such scientists result in no applicants from the UK. • Also a well recognized major shortage of qualified animal technicians.

10. Reasons for the present situation in the UK? (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) 1. Success of anti-vivisectionists: - Rigorous lobbying activities. - Climate of fear with examples of extreme violence. - Pressured animal breeders to abandon businesses. - Delay establishment of animal research centers (such as the primate center in Cambridge). - Nearly bankrupted Huntingdon Life Sciences (a major drug testing company).

11. Reasons for the present situation in the UK? (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) • Overall culture change in attitudes: • - Increased urbanization with loss of understanding of the realities of animal use. • - Increased awareness of environmental changes and a desire to prevent further erosion: • > increase in vegetarianism • > against use of furs for clothing > “natural foods” with changes in farming

12. What is being done to change the situation? (Animal Science group of the UK Life Sciences Committee) • Public opinion polls support animal experimentation. • Present the facts about continued need. • - obtained support from pharmaceutical industry, biomedical funding organizations, etc., in the process of forming the Campaign for Medical Progress. • Recognized need to change the National Curriculum to consider ethics of animal experimentation in secondary schools. • Work to change curricula at all educational levels

13. Integrative Animal and Human physiology The Wellcome Trust has launched a new initiative for the development of UK research capacity and training in integrative physiology in animals and humans. Purpose:The initiative will support research programmes aiming to interpret genomic information in terms of phenotype at the organ, system (including the nervous system), and whole-animal/human level, leading to an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of disease. The major focus of the initiative will be on the establishment of a critical mass of basic and clinical scientists in this area within the UK and the Republic of Ireland. The Trust expects to support three to five applications with a total budget, for the whole scheme, of £15 million over five years.

14. Wellcome Trust initiative (cont.) The specific objectives are: to promote research exploring the relationship between the genomic information and physiological mechanisms in humans and animals; to support the development and use of whole-animal modelsf disease and dysfunction that are of relevance to disease processes (these models may be non-mammalian species); to promote cross-disciplinary research and collaborations and to develop networks of integrative physiology researchers, either within institutions or by linking two or more institutions.

15. Conclusions: • The situation in the UK with regard to the supply of integrative and systems scientists is far from satisfactory. • The reasons for this are complex and varied. However, some can be identified, and ways of counteracting them are being developed. • If such actions are not effective there is a real possibility that whole areas of research could be curtailed in the UK to the detriment of the national economy and to biomedical science.

16. British Pharmacology Society (Sara-Jane Stagg) • Found rapidly diminishing number of undergraduates capable of carrying out hands-on in vivo laboratory studies. • UK pharmaceutical industry concerned due to difficulties in recruiting employees for in vivo work related to drug discovery. • Industry finds that even for those going to spend their life in molecular biology, it is important what colleagues do in vivo and how it relates to the whole drug discovery process.

17. Reasons found for reduction in opportunities for in vivo work for undergraduates. British Pharmacology Society • Cost – it is now very expensive to maintain animal facilities in universities. • Cost – it is expensive to provide the necessary training for undergraduates and pay for government licenses. • Cost and intrusiveness of the security necessary to protect such work from animal rights protesters. • Universities were finding staffing problems, especially for practical classes with animals that require high levels of supervision. • Ethical problems with use of animals.

18. British Pharmacological Society – Pharmaceutical Partnership Challenge. • BPS invited pharmaceutical companies to contribute to a fund to give grants to departments to assist in the costs of such courses. • Received donations from 6 companies and the Society also provides some funds. • 2002 providing grants to 10 departments. • Joined with the Physiological Society and industry to develop two short vacation courses of one week’s duration in London and Scotland. Students will learn about in vivo • Pharmacology and physiology (70 applications and supported 27 places).

19. IUPS Survey of Council and Scientific Commissions Australia - Ann Sefton – IUPS Council New Zealand Physiological Society Chile - Cecilia Hidalgo – IUPS Council Scandinavian Physiological Society Danish IUPS National Committee Finnish Physiological Society France - Pierre Buser Germany – Irene Schulz – IUPS Council India - A. Paintal – IUPS Council Japan Physiological Society Russia - Pavel Balaban – IUPS Council USA - Jimmy Neill – IUPS Council

20. Do the majority of the universities in your country have “integrative and organs systems scientist” faculty members? (IUPS) Australia Yes and No New Zealand Physio. Soc. Yes Chile No Scandinavian Physio. Soc. Yes Danish Nat. Committee Yes Finnish Physio. Soc. Yes France No India Yes Japan Physio. Soc. Yes Russia Yes USA (Med Schools) Yes

21. Since 1990 has the number of such faculty members increased/decreased? (IUPS) Australia Decreased New Zealand Increased and Decreased Chile Decreased Scandinavian Decreased Danish Increased Finnish Decreased France No Answer Germany Decreased India Increased Japan Decreased Russia Decreased USA (Med Schools) Decreased

22. Do you foresee a tendency within the next 5 years for additional hires? (IUPS) Australia No New Zealand Yes and NO Chile No Scandinavian No Danish Yes Finnish No France ? Germany No India Yes Japan No Russia No USA Yes (IUPS)

23. Are “integrative and organs systems Ph.D. students” in general capable of doing in vivo whole animals research? Australia Yes New Zealand Yes Chile No Scandinavian No Danish Yes Finnish Decreasing #’s France ? Germany Yes and No India Yes Japan Yes Russia Yes USA Yes

24. How do you estimate future needs for “integrative and organs systems scientists” in your country? (IUPS) Australia Increasing demand New Zealand Increasing demand * Chile Decrease Scandinavian Increasing demand Danish Increasing demand Finnish Increasing demand France Increasing demand Germany Increasing demand ? India Unchanging Japan Increasing demand Russia Decrease (in everything) USA Increasing demand *

25. Do you perceive this issue to be a problem? If so, what was the cause (e.g., a supply-side problem, a demand-side problem or both)? (IUPS) Australia Yes – both supply/demand * New Zealand Yes – both supply/demand Chile No – favor “molecular sciences” Scandinavian Yes – supply/demand inadequate * Danish No – supply/demand adequate Finnish Yes – both supply/demand France Yes – both supply/demand * Germany Yes – both supply/demand India No – supply/demand adequate Japan Yes – both supply/demand Russia Yes – both supply/demand USA Yes – both supply/demand*

26. Views of Pharmaceutical and Biotechology Industries • Paul Vanhoutte (Servier, Belgium) – “a great need but very few candidates” • Peter Morsing (Astra Zeneca) - “now recognize a great need, but there are few candidates” • Mark Fishman (Novartis) – “integrative biology is clearly important to drug discovery” • Bruce Markham (Pfizer) – “ a dearth of candidates now and a growing need” • Discussions with several scientists who have started Biotech Genome-based Discovery Companies • “now must outsource to Universities to move from target ID with a differential expression or phenotype in a KO to needing a proof- of-concept using an in vivo disease model – integrative physiologist/pharmacologist is need for this”.

27. Peter Thoren, MD., PhD – AstraZeneca (global head of in vivo pharmacology; member of APS; 40 PhDs at site) • “No doubt that the state of in vivo science in preclinical departments in Sweden is very unfortunate.” • “Grants are much too small and the number of new graduates is too low.” • “Until now, we have experienced no major problem in recruitment of in vivo personal but the future looks grim. I expect that we will get into major problems within a few years.” • “The number of graduates goes down and many of the graduates do not have the broad knowledge in basic anatomy, histology, pharmacology and physiology as we used to recruit. Sweden students with a medical background seldom goes into preclinical work any longer.”

28. Comments by Terry Opgennorth, PhD (Abbott): • impression is there is a shortage • “in vivo” scientists are at the top of the hiring list • difficult to recruit these people • are they worried? Not really. So far since they have been able to fill positions. • However, “in vivo” people coming from different backgrounds: • a. gene knockout labs (primary training not in • physiology or pharmocology) • b. MD degrees • “if one has broad systems training there are great opportunities.”

29. John Burkhart, MD (Pfizer, England) • have need in target validation and safety testing • shortage of individuals with in vivo training • Pfizer is providing funds for training programs in England • availability is very low in England and most hires are non- resident, non-US-European trained MDs with some post-doctoral experience (i.e. primary training not in physiology or pharmacology). • perceive a need for more well trained scientist in combined areas of molecular biology and physiology.

30. Global perspectives on status of integrative/systems physiology: current status and supply/demand issues. Allen W. Cowley, Jr., IUPS President • Information obtained from the following sources: • Commission of the European Communities • UK Life Sciences Committee (Animal Science Group) • British Pharmacology Society • IUPS Survey of Council and Scientific Commissions • APS Survey of Chair persons of US Medical Schools • Personal communications (Industry and Academia)