Chapter 3 India and China

1. Chapter 3 India and China

2. Geography of Indian subcontinent

3. The Monsoon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8E-s5QTQOg

4. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro • Centered in Indus R. valley 3000 – 1500 BC • Circa 35,000 inhabitants • Show high level of organization • Water • Plumbing • Garbage disposal • Agrarian • Trade (Esp. by Sea with Mesopotamia)

5. Aryan Invasions • Harappan culture weakened by natural disasters / effect flow of Indus R. • 1500 BC Indo-European nomadic people cross into Indus valley • Excellent warriors • Develop Sanskrit circa 1000 BC • Raja is name for ruler

6. Society in Ancient India • India was a conquered state • Relatively light skinned Aryans conquer relatively dark-skinned inhabitants Indus R. valley • Caste System • Brahmans – priestly class • Kshatriyas – warrior class • Vaisyas – merchants and farmers • Sudras – peasants with limited rights • Untouchables – outside of the system did menial and degrading tasks (5%) • Patriarchcal • Suttee http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMPGakW08r4&feature=related

7. Hinduism • Origins in religious beliefs of Aryan people • Vedas (collections of hymns and religious rites initially passed down orally, later written down) • Brahman – ultimate reality • Atman – individual self • Reincarnation (circa 6th century BC) • Karma – force generated by a person’s life • Dharma – divine law or your duty • Yoga – (union) method of training designed to help individual reach oneness with God

8. Buddhism (Religion or Philosophy) • Siddhartha Gautama (6th century BC) • Born to great wealth • Ascetics • Meditation enlightenment  bodhi  nirvana • Accepts reincarnation but rejects caste system – anyone can reach nirvana as a result of behavior in this life • Rejects multiple gods of Hinduism and forbade followers from worshipping him or his image • The Four Noble Truths • Ordinary life is full of suffering • This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves • If you want to end suffering you must end your desire • The way to end desire is to seek the Middle Path

9. The Eightfold Path (Middle Path) • Right view • Right intention • Right speech • Right action • Right livelihood • Right effort • Right mindfulness • Right concentration

10. Right_____ Right_____ Right_____ Right_____ The Eightfold Path Right_____ Right_____ Right_____ Right_____

11. Buddhism and Hinduism Hinduism Buddhism Complete the Venn Diagram using the following words: Worships many gods, reincarnation, Four Noble Truths, associated with Aryans, karma, Brahman, yoga, Siddhartha Gautama, nirvana, bodhi, Eightfold Path, atman, believes in rigidly defined castes, most common religion in India today, all people can reach nirvana as a result of their actions in their current life

12. Later Indian Empires • Mauryan circa 300 BC – 180 BC • Chandragupta Maurya • “It is power and power alone, which, only when exercised by the king with impartiality, over his son or his enemy, maintains both this world and the next.” • Asoka (268 – 232 BC) • India’s “greatest ruler • Buddhist approach • Kushan (circa 200 BC – 200 AD • Primarily a trade empire • Silk Road • Gupta (320 AD – circa 650 AD) • Founded by Chandragupta in central Ganges • Trade is important as pilgrims come to visit major religious centers under Gupta control

13. The Silk Road

14. Cultural Contributions of India • Without military expansion, India’s culture has spread throughout the world • Literature • Vedas • Mahabharata - 90,000 stanzas (longest poem) • Includes the BhagvadGita (sermon by god Krishna emphasizing centrality of moral rightness as guide to action • Ramayana – Rama as ideal Aryan hero • Architecture • Pillar • Stupa • Rock Chamber • Science • Astronomy • Mathematics - Indians developed concept of zero and used (0) as its symbol • Aryabhata one of first to use algebra

15. China • Huang He (Yellow) • Chang Jiang (Yangtze)

16. Early Dynasties in China • Xia (circa. 2000 BC) • Traditionally marked as the origin of Chinese civilization • Little known about them, semi-mythical • Shang (1750 – 1122 BC) • Agrarian society with dominant aristocracy • Pyramidal social structure • Belief in supernatural (oracle bones) and in afterlife (veneration of ancestors) • Extraordinarily skilled in bronze casting • Taotie mask

17. Early Dynasties in China • Zhou (1045 – 256 BC) • King becomes increasingly important and creates a large bureaucracy • Seen as link between Heaven and Earth • Mandate of Heaven • Zhou king takes authority from ruling in accordance to the Dao • Ineffective kings could be replaced • “He who wins is the king; he who loses is the rebel”

18. Dynastic Cycle New dynasty established Central government’s power declines Dynasty collapses Rebellions or invasions

19. Chinese Philosophies • Confucianism Daoism Legalism

20. Chinese Philosophies • Confucianism • “Kongfuzi” b. 551 BC –his ideas are studied up till 20th century written down in Analects • Lived at time when China was at war with itself – addressed question “How do we restore order to society?” • His answer is political and ethical – assumes that there is “an order” and that following Dao would lead to prosperity. Duty and humanity are key elements • Five constant relationships: • Parent / child • Husband / wife • Older sibling / younger • Older friend / younger • Ruler / subject • Mutual obligations however, “The duty of children to their parents is the foundation from which all virtues spring” • Daoism • Associated with Laozi (Old Master) (perhaps a mythical amalgam) • Tao Te Ching (The Way of the Dao) • Concerned with behavior rather than meaning • Inaction rather than action • Not like Pooh, the most effortless Bear we've ever seen." "Just How do you do it, Pooh?""Do What?" asked Pooh."Become so Effortless.""I don't do much of anything," he said."But all those things of yours get done.""They just sort of happen," he said • While Eeyore frets ... ... and Piglet hesitates... and Rabbit calculates ... and Owl pontificates...Pooh just is. • Legalism • Not associated with any one person • Humans are evil by nature • Harsh laws and strict punishment necessary to control people • Reject Confucian view that compassion was a desirable trait among rulers and believed instead that a strong ruler was needed to control people.

21. Chinese Philosophies • Confucianism • If everyone fulfills their duties then society will prosper • Humanity - takes “Golden Rule” and states it as “Do not do unto others as you would not wish to have done to yourself” • Confucius believed Zhou dynasty was a “Golden Age” • Believed in rule by “meritocracy” • Died in 479 BC • His ideas spread widely after his death Daoism Legalism

22. Confucianism

23. Confucianism - Five Constant Relationships Ruler / subject Older friend / younger friend Older sibling / younger sibling Husband/Wife Parent Child

24. Qin and Han Dynasties • Qin (Chin) 221- 206 BC • Qin Shihuangdi • Adopted Legalism as regime’s official ideology • State is highly centralized with 3 major divisions “strengthens the trunk and weakens the branches” • Civil • Military • Censorate (the watchers) • Provincial & County level officials appointed by emperor based on merit • Qin reforms • Single monetary system • Roads & canals • “Great Wall” • Terra Cotta army

25. Great Wall The workers will work on the wall – or die! • Linked smaller sections of wall that already existed

26. Han (202 BC – 220 AD) • Liu Bang • Peasant origin • Adopts Confucian principles rather than legalism • Retains 3 branches of government and structure • Introduces civil service exams and schools to train • Wudi • Liu Bang’s great grandson • Han Technology • Paper • Collar harness for livestock • Wheelbarrow • Fishing reel • Rudder • Two bladed plow • Watermills