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“Comments on Data Fusion Potential in the NPOESS Era” by Vincent V. Salomonson NASA/Goddard Earth Sciences Directorate

“Comments on Data Fusion Potential in the NPOESS Era” by Vincent V. Salomonson NASA/Goddard Earth Sciences Directorate Workshop on EOS Snow and Ice Products November 16 – 17, 2004 Raytheon Building , Landover , MD. WindSat/Coriolis. EOS-Terra. NPP. EOS-Aqua.

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“Comments on Data Fusion Potential in the NPOESS Era” by Vincent V. Salomonson NASA/Goddard Earth Sciences Directorate

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  1. “Comments on Data Fusion Potential in the NPOESS Era” by Vincent V. Salomonson NASA/Goddard Earth Sciences Directorate Workshop on EOS Snow and Ice Products November 16 – 17, 2004Raytheon Building , Landover , MD

  2. WindSat/Coriolis EOS-Terra NPP EOS-Aqua Satellite Transition ScheduleSlopes indicate 10-90% need (NPOESS GAP 5b) Projected End of Life based on 50% Need CY 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0530 F18 F20 F16 C3 NPOESS DMSP 0730 - 1030 F17 F15 F19 C1 or C2 NPOESS NPOESS DMSP M POES METOP Local Equatorial Crossing Time 1330 N’ N L (16) C2 or C1 NPOESS POES Earliest Need to back-up launch S/C Deliveries Earliest Availability

  3. NPOESS Preparatory Project Mission • The NPP Project is a joint effort of the NPOESS Integrated Program Office (IPO), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NASA. The benefits to the partnering organizations: • + Provide NASA with continuation of global change observations after Earth • Observing System (EOS) TERRA and Aqua • Atmospheric and sea surface temperatures, humidity sounding, land and ocean biological productivity, and cloud and aerosol properties • + Provide National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System • (NPOESS) with risk reduction demonstration and validation for 3 of the 4 critical NPOESS sensors, algorithms, and processing. • INSTRUMENTS:  : Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)  : Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) • : ►Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)  : Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)

  4. ► ►

  5. Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) • Purpose: Global observations of land, ocean, & atmosphere parameters at high temporal resolution (~ daily) • Predecessor Instruments: AVHRR, OLS, MODIS, SeaWiFS • Management: Integrated Program Office • Status:Phase C/D (Raytheon) • Approach: Multi-spectral scanning radiometer (22 bands between 0.4 m and 12 m) 12-bit quantization • Swath width: 3000 km • Changes to specifics of band dynamic ranges, bandpasses & band centers being negotiated • Consideration of adding 6.7 micrometer water vapor band to FM2 & later models • CDR March 2002

  6. VIIRS Spectral Bands • Two spatial resolutions • Imagery resolution bands: 370 m at nadir • 22 Bands • Moderate resolution bands: 740 m at nadir • Features • 8 (Moderate) or 16 (Imagery) detectors per scan • Bands spatially nested • Constrained pixel growth with scan angle • Some bands have dual gain • Maximize dynamic range without precision penalties

  7. VIIRS Bands

  8. Cross-Track Microwave Imaging Sensor (CMIS) • -Resolution from 15 km to 50 km at nadir (depending on • environmental parameter) • ~2-meter aperture rotating reflector • Technological improvements over heritage sensors: • Size: 2 meter LF aperture provides better resolution • More channels Lower frequencies: 6 and 10-GHz channels • 40 FFT channels improves sounding • Higher bandwidth • Better data products Improves on current products • New operational products • Heritage and Risk Reduction • DMSP—Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI) and Special Sensor • Microwave Imager/ Sounder (SSMIS) • TRMM—TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) • EOS—Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) • WindSat—Operational validation of sea surface wind vector field

  9. CMIS Environmental Data Records (EDRs) EDRPriority Sea surface wind speed 1A-LC Soil moisture 1A-LC Moisture profile 1A Sea surface temperature 2A Temp. profile-lower atm. 2A Cloud ice water path 2A Cloud liquid water 2A Precipitable water 2A Precipitation (type and rate) 2A Sea surface wind direction 2A Temp. profile-upper atm. 2A Total water content 2A Ice surface temperature 2B Land surface temperature 2B Sea ice age/sea ice motion 2B Snow depth 3A Cloud base height 3B LC = Launch Critical EDRPriority Fresh water ice 3B Imagery 3B Pressure profile 3B Sea surface wind stress 3B Snow cover 3B Vegetation/surface type 3B

  10. SAR Missions and Landsat

  11. LANDSAT DATA CONTINUITY MISSION Landsat Strategy Letter released, August 13, 2004

  12. Backup Slides

  13. THE NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM FUTURE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVING SYSTEM Craig S. Nelson, Captain, NOAA* and John D. Cunningham NPOESS Integrated Program Office (AMS 2002) Conical-scanning Microwave Imager Sounder (CMIS): The CMIS will combine the microwave imaging capabilities of Japan’s Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua mission, and the atmospheric sounding capabilities of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/ Sounder (SSMI/S) on the remaining series of DMSP satellites that will begin launching in November 2001. Polarization for selected imaging channels will be utilized to derive ocean surface wind vectors similar to what has previously been achieved with active scatterometers. CMIS data will be utilized to derive a variety of parameters, including all weather sea surface temperature, surface wetness, precipitation, cloud liquid water, cloud base height, snow water equivalent, surface winds, atmospheric vertical moisture profile, and atmospheric vertical temperature profile. Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS): The VIIRS will combine the radiometric accuracy of the AVHRR currently flown on the NOAA polar orbiters with the high (0.65 kilometer) spatial resolution of the Operational Linescan System flown on DMSP spacecraft. The VIIRS will have 22 channels with additional spectral capabilities that can be utilized to determine ocean color. VIIRS will provide measurements of sea surface temperature, atmospheric aerosols, snow cover, cloud cover, surface albedo, vegetation index, sea ice, and ocean color.

  14. CMIS Sensor Hardware Requirements • 9 bands from 6 to 183 GHz • 1 to 6 polarizations per band • 83 Primary Channels • Separate high and low frequency reflectors • 16 separate feeds • 12 feeds for low frequency reflector (6 to 89 GHz) • 4 feeds for high frequency reflector (166 to 183 GHz) • Contiguous channel coverage of O2 line using Fast Fourier Transform • Warm load and cold sky calibration • Spinning at 31.6 rpm • Deployable low frequency reflector • Data rate: 500 kbps • Launch Critical EDR Reliability: 0.91 (ICSR 0.94) • Mass: 348 (RFI ATP 421.5) Kg • Avg Operational power: 374 (RFI ATP 426) watts

  15. CMIS Sensor Design Features • Optimized channel set increases frequency range over current systems • 83 channels: 6-183 GHz • Minimum NEDT obtained by front end packaging • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) provides frequency resolution for upper atmosphere channels • Four (4) 6 GHz sub-bands provides operate-through robustness against terrestrial RFI • 6 GHz front end (FE) limiter enhances survivabililty against terrestrial transmitters • 6 – 36 GHz FE filters provides operate-through robustness against on-board transmitters • All 83 channels are fully or partially redundant (25 channels 3:2, 4 channels 2:1, 53 channels are partially redundant) • Heritage 2 point calibration using Cold sky reflector and single warm load with shroud

  16. Algorithm Design Features First guess Retrieval Truth • Integrated Sensor/Algorithm design optimized to meet all category 1A thresholds • Algorithm approach balances innovation with heritage • Next generation physical retrievals • Core Physical Inversion provides excellent retrieval skill, robustness, and flexibility • Utilizes state-of-the-art radiative transfer model (RTM) • AER patented Optimum Spectral Sampling approach • Statistical retrieval retained where required for performance/risk • Footprint matching algorithm provides co-registered TB/EDR data • Can easily support user-defined grids • Radiometric consistency between SDRs and EDRs • Provide both Sensor SDRs and SDRs calibrated to RTM • Judicious use of external data balances performance/robustness

  17. CMIS Scanning Alignment

  18. CMIS scan footprint

  19. CMIS scan footprint (color)

  20. ASAR-ENVISAT (C-BAND)

  21. CryoSat Mission Objectives: CryoSat is intended to measure the secular trend in ice thickness for both the floating sea-ice and the ice-caps in both the northern and southern hemisphere. To do this, the ssatellite uses an advanced radar altimeter combined with precise orbit determination. The Tracking Mission Objectives are: As the mission is intended to measure small secular change in a measure of distance it is necessary to use laser ranging for calibration of the altimeter and support to the POD. The latter will primarily be performed with DORIS, but the SLR measurements will provide an essential independent tracking data type. ILRS Mission Support Status: Approved for ILRS mission support in June 2004. Instrumentation: CryoSat will have the following instrumentation onboard: The SAR/Inteferometric Radar Altimeter (SIRAL) DORIS receiver Retroreflector array 3 star trackers

  22. COSMO-Skymed (Italy) COSMO-SkyMed (Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin observation) is an Earth observation programme of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) developed by Alenia Spazio, a Finmeccanica company, as prime contractor. The system will monitor the entire globe and the Mediterranean area in particular, providing information for a number of applications thanks to the high resolution of the images acquired, the reduced revisit times over the observed sites and the speed with which the data will be made available to the users. In constructing the COSMO-SkyMed system, Alenia Spazio will coordinate an industrial team made up of several companies including some from the Finmeccanica group, such as Telespazio, responsible for the development of the ground segment and management in orbit, and Galileo Avionica and Laben for the technologically advanced parts of the platform and radar COSMO – SkyMed is made up of four satellites and related ground infrastructures. Alenia Spazio will build the four satellites equipped with high-resolution, X-band (9.6 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and it will be possible to integrate the system with the optical satellites of the French Pleïades constellation.

  23. SAR X component (COSMO SkyMed) X Band Metric resolution Swath width 10-200 Km Localization 25 m without GCP Revisit time (with 4 sat.): from 12 h at Equator to less than 8 h in Europe

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