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The Past, Present and Future of Muonium Memorial Symposium in Honor of Vernon Willard Hughes

Muonium (M). The Past, Present and Future of Muonium Memorial Symposium in Honor of Vernon Willard Hughes Yale University, November 14-15, 2003 Klaus Jungmann Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut & Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Simple Atomic System Atomic Theory Fundamental Constants

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The Past, Present and Future of Muonium Memorial Symposium in Honor of Vernon Willard Hughes

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  1. Muonium (M) The Past, Present and Future of Muonium Memorial Symposium in Honor of Vernon Willard Hughes Yale University, November 14-15, 2003 Klaus Jungmann Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut & Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Simple Atomic System Atomic Theory Fundamental Constants Fundamental Symmetries Search for New Physics Atomic Physics at Accelerators Precision Measurements … Condensed Matter Physics Chemistry Low energy Muon Beams

  2. Muonium (M) {  What is it ? • “Muonium is the bound state of a • positive Muon and an Electron” • “point-like” particles • no (severe) strong interaction effects • calculable to required accuracy What is it good for ? • test of electromagnetic bound state theory • fundamental constants • tests of fundamental symmetries • search for New Physics • tool for condensed matter research • ……

  3. Discovery of Muonium 1960 Hyperfine Structure addressed as an Important Quantity From: V. Telegdi, in: “A Festschrift for Vernon W. Hughes”, 1990 Past of Muonium (Ground State Hyperfine Structure) There was stimulating competition

  4. . . .

  5. The worlds most intense quasi continuous muon source - the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility

  6. Solenoid Sm m+ e- Gated Detector m+in MW-Resonator/Kr target Muonium Hyperfine Structure Yale - Heidelberg - Los Alamos

  7. Results from LAMPF Muonium HFS Experiment measured: • n12 = 1 897 539 800(35) Hz ( 18 ppb) • n34 = 2 565 762 965(43) Hz ( 17 ppb) from Breit-Rabi equation: n12 +n34 • Dnexp = 4 463 302 765(53) Hz ( 12 ppb) • Dntheo = 4 463 302 563(520)(34)(<100) Hz (<120 ppb) n12 -n34 • mm/mp = 3.183 345 24(37) (120 ppb) alternatively derived: • mm/me = 206.768 277(24) (120 ppb) • a-1 = 137.036 0047(4 8) ( 35 ppb)

  8. Lepton Magnetic Anomalies in CPT and Lorentz Non - Invariant Models | | - m m - 0 0 18 CPT tests K K = £ r 10 K m 0 K - - | g g | | a a | - + - + - - 3 12 e e e e = = × × £ × r 1.2 10 2 10 e g a avg avg ? ? Are they comparable - Which one is appropriate • often quoted: • K0- K0 mass difference (10-18) • e- - e+ g- factors (2* 10-12) • We need an interaction • with a finite strength! Use common ground, e.g. energies Þ generic CPT and Lorentz violating DIRAC equation 1 n μ μ μ μν μ μ ν ψ - - - - + + = (i γ D m a γ b γ γ H σ ic γ D id γ γ D ) 0 μ μ μ 5 μν μν μν 5 2 º ¶ - iD i qA m μ μ a , b break CPT a , b , c , d , H break Lorentz Invariance μ μ μ μ μν μν μν Leptons in External Magnetic Field - + l l l = - » - Δω ω ω 4b a a a 3 - + l l - | E E | Δω h spin up spin down a = » r l - 2 l m c E l spin up 57 Bluhm , Kostelecky, Russell, Phys. Rev. D ,3932 (1998) For g - 2 Experiments : - | a a | ω h = × c - + l l r l 2 a m c avg l Dehmelt, Mittleman,Van Dyck, Schwinberg, hep - ph/9906262 Þ - - 21 24 £ × £ × r 1.2 10 r 3.5 10 electron muon μ e : : CPT– Violation Lorentz Invariance Violation • What is best CPT test ? • New Ansatz (Kostelecky) • K0  10-18 GeV/c2 • n  10-30 GeV/c2 • p  10-24 GeV/c2 • e-  10-27 GeV/c2 • Future: • Anti hydrogen  10-18 GeV/c2 What about Second Generation Leptons?

  9. CPT and Lorentz Invariance from Muon Experiments Muonium: new interaction below 2* 10-23 GeV Muon g-2: new interaction below 4* 10-22 GeV (CERN) 15 times better expected from BNL V.W. Hughes et al., Phys.Rev. Lett. 87, 111804 (2001)

  10. Present Status of Muonium Ground State Hyperfine Structure • No Experimental Activities known at this time • Refinement of Theory going on • e.g. • Eides, Grotch, “Three-Loop Radiative-Recoil Corrections to Hyerfine Splitting in Muonium”, Phys.Rev.D67, 113003 (2003) • Eidelman, Karshenboim, Shelyuto, “ Hadronic Effects in Leptonic Systems: Muonim Hyperfine Structure and Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Muon”, Can. J. Phys. 80, 1297 (2002) …. • Exploitation of the Atom in Condensed Matter Science • e.g. • Ivanter et al. “On the anomalous muonium hyperfine structure in silicon” J.Phys.: Condens. Matter 15, 7419 (2003) ….

  11. History of Muonium Ground State Hyperfine Splitting Measurements NEVIS CHICAGO-SREL LAMPF LAMPF latest experiment Quoted Uncertainty [kHz] Year

  12. Future Possibilities for Muonium Ground State Hyperfine Structure • LAMPF Experiment limited bySTATISTICS • more MUONS needed  factor > 100 over LAMPF – pulsed > 5*108m+/s below 28 MeV/c • new ACCELERATORS • J-PARC ? • Neutrino Factory ? • Eurisol ? • GSI ? • . . . . .

  13. What other experiments but the Ground State Hyperfine Structure are possible ?

  14. Gas Stop • Yields up to 100% foreign gas effects • Polarization up to 50% (B=0) • 100% (B>>1T) Kr, Ar m+ m++e-M • Beam Foil • Muonium in Vacuo keV energy • n=2 state populated • fast muonium m+ 50% m+e- 1% m+e-e- 0.01% m+ • SiO2 Powder • thermal Muonium in Vacuo M(2s) /M(1s) < 10-4 • Yields up to 12% • Polarization 39(9)% velocity 1.5 cm/ tm M m+ Methods of Muonium Production

  15. Completed Experiments on Muonium 1s-2s Interval • Pioneering effort at KEK • (Chu,Mills,Nagamine et al.) • Precision measurement at RAL • (Heidelberg – Oxford – Rutherford – Strathclyde – Siberia –Yale • Collaboration)

  16. The most intense pulsed muon source – ISIS at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

  17. m++ e-+ Ekin 0 -.25 Rm 2S 244 nm Energy 244 nm -Rm 1S m+ Detection m+ Laser Mirror m+e- Target Diagnostics m+in Muonium 1S-2S Experiment Heidelberg - Oxford - Rutherford - Sussex - Siberia - Yale

  18. Muonium 1s-2s At RAL 1987 -2000

  19. exp Dn 1s-2s = 2455 528 941.0(9.1)(3.7) MHz Dn 1s-2s = 2455 528 935.4(1.4) MHz mm+= 206.768 38 (17) me (0.8ppm) qm+= [ -1 -1.1 (2.1) 10-9 ] qe-(2.2 ppb) theo Results:

  20. Future Possibilities for Muonium 1s-2s Interval • No Precision Experiment Activities known at this time • Exploitation of Laser Spectroscopy to obtain • “Slow Muons” Condensed Matter Science • (K. Nagamine et al. @RAL)

  21. Future Possibilities for Muonium 1s-2s Interval • RAL Experiment limited bySTATISTICS • more MUONS needed • factor > 1000 over RAL – pulsed > 5*108m+/s below 28 MeV/c • would enable cw laser spectroscopy ! (precision !) • new ACCELERATORS • J-PARC ? • Neutrino Factory ? • Eurisol ? • GSI ? • . . . . .

  22. m g-2 hadronic contribution weak contribution New Physics QED QED mm, a, gm mm m+e- DnHFS, n=1 m+e- Dn1S-2S QED mm mm a QED corrections weak contribution mm QED corrections

  23. wa wammc wp = am = mm wa emB - wp mp Fundamental Constants of Interest to g-2 Theory: * need a for muon ! * hadronic and weak corrections *various experimental sources of a<better 100ppb>need constants at very moderate *a no concern for (g-2)meven with recent correctionsaccuracy Experiment: * wa and B (wp) measured in (g-2)m experiment <better 0.35 and 0.1 ppm> * c is a defined quantity <“infinite” accuracy> *mm (mm) is measured in muonium spectroscopy (hfs) <better 120 ppb> NEW 2000 *em is measured in muonium spectroscopy (1s -2s) <better 1.2 ppb> NEW 1999 *mp in water known >> probe shape dependence<< <better 26 ppb> *m3He to mp in water >> gas has no shape effect << <better 4.5 ppb> being improved

  24. Any New Effort to improve significantly on the Muon Magnetic Anomaly will need better constants ! Where should they come from, if not from Muonium Spectroscopy ? 

  25. Did first Search for Conversion Amato et al. Phys.Rev.Lett. 21, 1709 (1968) Was significant Part of many follow on experiments Predicted M-M Conversion 1957- Named System “Muonium” ? Muonium – Antimuonium Conversion up to Now

  26. The most intense continuos source of muons – the Cyclotron Facility at the Paul Scherrer Institut

  27. Present Activities concerning Muonium – Antimuonium Conversion • No Experimental Activities known at this time • Theory is proposing lots of models • e.g. • Clark, Love “Muonium-Antimuonium Oscillations and Massive Majorana Neutrinos”, hep-ph/0307264 • Gusso, Pires, Pires, Rodrigues da Silva “Minimal 3-3-1 Model, lepton Mixing and Muonium- Antimuonium Conversion”, hep-ph/0208062 • ….

  28. Future Possibilities for Muonium – Antimuonium Searches • PSI Experiment limited bySTATISTICS • more MUONS needed  factor > 1000 over PSI – pulsed > 1*109m+/s below 28 MeV/c • new ACCELERATORS • J-PARC ? • Neutrino Factory ? • Eurisol ? • GSI ? • . . . . .

  29. P(M)  sin2 [const * (GMM/GF)*t]*exp[-lm*t] • Background  exp(- nlm*t) ; n-fold coincidence detection • For GMM << GF M gains over Background • P(M) / Background  t2 * exp[+(n-1)* lm*t] Old Muonium for Muonium-Antimuonium Conversion ?  Pulsed ACCELERATOR

  30. There is not only Muonium Spectroscopy waiting for a push by Intense Muon Beams

  31. Muon Physics Possibilities at Any High Power Proton Driver i.e.  4 MW Muon Experiments Possible at a CERN Neutrino Factory - Expected Improvements

  32. Muon Physics Possibilities at Any High Power Proton Driver i.e.  4 MW < < < < K Jungmann 18-Apr-2001

  33. J-PARC is one Possibility • There are others • as well: • Neutrino Factory ? • Muon Collider ? • GSI ? • ….

  34. Muonium (M) Thank You Vernon for providing us the perhaps most Ideal Atom

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