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Fake Refrigerants Should we worry? UNEP Webinar, July 25 th 2012 Mark Bennett Triton Container International . Disclaimer. The opinions I express today are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Container Owners Association, Triton Container or any other party. Agenda.
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Fake Refrigerants Should we worry? UNEP Webinar, July 25th 2012 Mark Bennett Triton Container International
Disclaimer The opinions I express today are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Container Owners Association, Triton Container or any other party.
Agenda • COA – Container Owners Association • Vietnam • Industry Reaction • Testing • Fake Gas – When & Why • Actions • Conclusion
COA – Container Owners Association • Industry forum to represent the interests of owners of all ISO marine freight containers • Members include: • Most major shipping lines • Container leasing companies • Service depots • Manufacturers of containers and refrigeration machinery
Refrigerated Containers • World fleet: • c.30 million containers of all types (TEU) • 1.3 million refrigerated containers (units) • Reefers are mostly 12m/40’ length, 67m3 cubic capacity and 30T cargo capacity • Reefer machines contain 4 to 5 kg of refrigerant – most use HFC R134a
Vietnam - 1 • Likely that pure R40 (methyl chloride) was disguised as R134a • Added to reefer machines it made a perfect blend to create dangerous bi-products like TMA • R134a added or circulated at startup may have reacted with TMA in compressor possibly causing a hydrogen fluoride reaction • Vietnam explosions brought the danger of fake refrigerants to our attention
Vietnam - 2 • Explosions to units can be traced back to service work done at 2 terminals in Ho Chi Minh • 1181 units serviced there from January-September 2011 • Users were notified and units isolated. • Isolated units now being tested for contamination. • Of some Vietnam units tested so far: • 18% have some chloride contamination • 6% contain significant quantity of R40 • These 1181 units are considered “high risk” until tested
Initial Industry Reaction • Maersk Line notify World Shipping Council (Oct 11) • ILWU union arbitration prevents handling Vietnam reefers • November – COA conference at European Intermodal • Manufacturers & labs experiment to find cause • Search for suitable test methods for R40 • December, February, March, June: COA Forums • Shipping lines start to test gas bottles on vessels • Vietnam depots flame halide test all gas bottles before use
Reefer Containers - 2012 so far • No explosions or other dangerous incidents reported • c.2.5M pre trip tests performed • Depots worldwide begin to test gas bottles • Testing gas samples from ‘at-risk’ units begins • Testing ‘off-hire’ units by leasing companies • Random testing of units by some depots
Testing Program Data Database of tests indicates: • Estimate of 5000 ‘chloride’ tests done so far • Possible contamination of 10-15% of world fleet • Fake gas found being used in SE Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, Central and South America – including R40 • R40 found in 1% to 2% of machines tested • R22 and R142b most common contaminants
Test Methods • Flame Halide Lamp: burning a tiny sample of suspect gas, chloride can be detected down to 0.03%. Users report it is reliable and cheap to buy/use but requires training and safety issues to be followed. • ‘Gas Sniffer Tubes’: Can detect chloride down to 0.001%. Some users suggest it is over sensitive and may need further development to improve reliability. • Portable electronic devices: less sensitive with R40 detectable reliably only above 5% on current models.
Secondary Tests • Gas bottles identified as chloride contaminated – sent for recycling or destruction. • Reefer machines – samples sent for lab analysis. • Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum tests can accurately identify chemicals present in the sample • Finding suitable laboratories difficult in some locations • Database being built up to show range of chemicals used in fake refrigerants
Decontamination • HCFC / CFC contamination • Cleaned by evacuation and recharging with R134a • Oil checked for damage or changed • Long term system damage unknown • R40 contamination • Methyl chloride likely to damage aluminum and rubber in the system • Higher concentrations / longer time, greater damage & increased risk of dangerous bi-products • Cleaning and neutralisation methods under development but not fully proven
Fake Gas – when and why? • 2010: 75% reduction in HCFC use in advanced economies • R134a price spikes at end 2010 (supply/cost) • Surplus HCFCs for recycling rebottled as R134a for easy international movement and sale • Sources from new material bought cheaply, blended and labeled as ‘branded’ R134a. • New or recycled HCFCs – fraction of cost of R134a • Fake R134a half the price of pure R134a • Hugely profitable for criminal smugglers…
COA Action • Encourage all 600+ reefer service companies to test gas supply before use to prove it is chloride free • Keep a public database of all service companies • Machinery manufacturers – believe they may advise Service Centres to test gas before use • Shipping line and leasing companies - audit their service companies’ gas testing procedures • Shipping lines - test bottles on ships • Certificates are as easily faked as refrigerant bottles
Global Action • Publicise the prevalence of fake refrigerants to increase the awareness of its dangers by users. • Coordinated action by international bodies to identify and prosecute fake refrigerant smugglers. • Encourage legislation to induce sellers of refrigerant to prove its purity to customers.
Conclusion • Recent air conditioning explosions in Brazil (2 people reported killed) are a reminder that fake refrigerants including R40 are widely available and without ongoing global testing of supply, container explosions could be repeated. • All owners/users of reefer containers, machinery manufacturers and service depots that support them have to accept the new reality of near-global fake refrigerant availability and to work together to eliminate its use.