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Chapter 32

Chapter 32. Supine Ut + Indicative More Relatives More Subjunctive uses Impersonal constructions. Supine. Another VERBAL NOUN (in addition to Gerund) But … only 2 CASES! Built off of 4 th Principal Part, adding 4 th Declension Endings. Supine. Only 2 uses!

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Chapter 32

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  1. Chapter 32 Supine Ut + Indicative More Relatives More Subjunctive uses Impersonal constructions

  2. Supine Another VERBAL NOUN (in addition to Gerund) But … only 2 CASES! Built off of 4th Principal Part, adding 4th Declension Endings

  3. Supine • Only 2 uses! • Acc. is used after verbs of MOTION to express PURPOSE • Ex: venimusvīsumurbem. • We go to see the city • cubitumeō. • I go to lie down (The Roman way to say “I’m gonna go to bed”) They can take their own objects, too!

  4. Supine • Abl. is used as an ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION • Examples: • Mīrābiledictū • “Miraculous with respect to saying” = English, “A wonder to say” • Nefāsaudītū • “A crime with respect to hearing” = English, “A crime to hear” Three more common supines: Difficilecognītū Optimum factū Facile vīsū These cannot take direct objects!

  5. Ut with Indicative • 2 possible meanings: • Time: WHEN • Comparison: AS • Examples: • Utsummōcōnspexitabmonteterrāsīnfēlix, timōretremuit • “When the unlucky guy saw the lands from the top of the mountain, he trembled with fear.” • Puellaetacentnec, ut ante solēbant, clāmantēs ambulant. • “The girls are silent and not, as they were accustomed beforehand, walking around and shouting.”

  6. Connecting Relative • Sometimes a relative pronoun begins a new sentence and must be translated in a certain manner: • Quī … = et is / hic “And he” • Quae … = et ea / haec “And she” • Quod … = et id / hoc “And this” • Ex: Quod crēdīvixpotest. • “And this is scarcely able to be believed.” • THESE CANNOT BE TRANSLATED AS “WHO”, “WHAT”, or “WHICH”!

  7. Subjunctive with Relatives • Sometimes the subjunctive is used in relative clauses: • 1) Clauses of Characteristic: These describe the qualities of indefinite antecedents and are usually introduced by • Suntquī • Is sum quī • Is estquī, etc. • Ex: suntquīGraecōsmeliōrēs quam Rōmānōshabeant • “There are those who consider Greeks (to be) better than Romans” • Nōn is sum quīfēmināsinterficiam. • “I am not the kind of guy who would kill women” Always follow sequence of tenses!

  8. Subjunctive with Relatives Always follow Sequence of Tenses!!!! • Sometimes the subjunctive is used in relative clauses: • 2) Relative Clauses of Purpose: These replace ut …. in a Purpose Clause • Ex: lēgātōsmīsitquīpācempeterent. • “He sent legates who were to ask for peace” or “He sent legates to ask for peace” • Rōmānīarmarapiuntquibusurbemsuamdēfendant. • “The Romans take up the weapons with which they are to defend their city” or “The Romans take up weapons in order to defend their city”

  9. Subjunctives with Relatives • Sometimes the subjunctive is used in relative clauses: • 3) Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech • RULE! DEPENDENT CLAUSES in INDIRECT STATEMENT, INDIRECT COMMAND, or INDIRECT QUESTION will ALWAYS have SUBJUNCTIVE verbs! • Ex.: dīcitsēlibrumlēgissequemdederim • “He says that he read the book which I gave him. • Iūrāvitsēlibrumlectūrumessequemscrīpsissem. • “He swore that he would read the book which I had written” Note how the TENSE of the SUBJUNCTIVE follows SEQUENCE OF TENSES Established by the MAIN VERB (Here, dīcit and Iūrāvit)!

  10. Potential Subjunctive • The main clause in Future Less Vivid Conditions shows potentiality: • Sīsim bonus, bona faciam. • “If I should be good, then I would do good things” • A Potential Subjunctive simply expresses this by itself, without the Sī clause • The negative is nōn • Possible tenses: Present, Perfect, Imperfect • It most frequently appears: • Velim: “I would like” • Mālim: “I would prefer” • Possim: “I could”

  11. Potential Subjunctive • Examples: • tūvelimsīcexīstimēs • “I’d like you to think so” • Present = Immediate future • Pācetuādīxerim • “I would say with your permission” • Perfect = Immediate future • Crēderēsvictōs • “You would have thought them conquered” • This use of the second person is indefinite, like in English when we say, “You’d go right at the stop sign to get to the grocery store” = “One goes right at the stop sign …” • Imperfect = Past time • Aliquisdīcat • “Someone may say” • Present = Immediate future Notice the rather strange use of the perfect tense to refer to immediate future time, just as the present does

  12. Impersonal Constructions • Like English, Latin has some verbs that are only used impersonally: • Oportet + acc. + infinitive = “It is right for x to y” • Licet + dat. + infinitive = “It is permitted for x to y” • Other verbs are used impersonally in certain contexts: • Ventumest • Literally, “There was a coming” or “It was come” = “They came” • Pugnatumest • Literally, “It was fought” = “They fought” • As you continue in Latin you will come across even more Impersonal Verbs, but for now start with Oportet and Licet!

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