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Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Resources – SuPER System

Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Resources – SuPER System . EE 563 Graduate Seminar September 30, 2005 James G. Harris, Professor EE Department and CPE Program. Outline. Background Technical Description of SuPER System Feasibility Analysis Five Year Plan for Development

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Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Resources – SuPER System

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  1. Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Resources – SuPER System EE 563 Graduate Seminar September 30, 2005 James G. Harris, Professor EE Department and CPE Program

  2. Outline • Background • Technical Description of SuPER System • Feasibility Analysis • Five Year Plan for Development • Faculty Participating in SuPER Project • Student Involvement • Facilities, Equipment, and Resources • Status and Plans

  3. Background - Electrification • Electrification – National Academy of Engineering’s top engineering achievement for the 20th Century • Estimated 1/3 of population (now, 6B) do not have access • Significant proportion of remainder does not have reliable access to battery or grid • 18,000 occupied structures on Navajo Nation lack electrical power (2001 legislation)

  4. Background - Significance • Impact of electrification significant • Transformation of Western world • Thomas Hughes: Networks of Power • People who caused change • Social Impact – standard of living • Recognized by National Renewable Energy Laboratory in late 1990s • Village Power Program • Development of microfinancing

  5. Background – Solar Insolation • Goal to provide electrical resources to people in underdeveloped countries • Leapfrog technology – no need for 100 years of development • Example of cell phone in Asia • Review of global insolation map • Poorest people ($1-2 a day income) • Within plus or minus 30 degree of latitude • Highest values of solar insolation (minimum W hr/sq m/day)

  6. Background – DC Power • Solar photovoltaic systems inherently DC • History of DC (Edison) versus AC (Westinghouse and Tesla) at end of 19th century • DC versus AC for generation, distribution, and utilization • Initially, applied to lighting • Lighting today • 60W incandescent bulb and 20W compact fluorescent bulb lumens • Equivalent to 3W LED technology, and improving

  7. Background – DC power loads • Efficiency of electrical motors: few horsepower • Permanent magnet DC motors • Electrical appliances • Computer: 50W laptop (DC) • TVs, radios use DC power • RV 12V DC market: kitchen appliances • Portable power tools – battery powered (DC) • Computers: wireless connection • Internet, phone (voice over IP), TV, radio, • Education: MIT Media Lab $100 laptop project

  8. Background – Moore’s Law • Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system technology is mature, e.g., Sandia Handbook • Application of Moore’s Law to development of SuPER system • Solar cell development: commercial and research lab • Estimate 5% per decade with base of 16% in 2005 • Implies 25% efficiency in 2025 • DARPA RFP: 1000 units of 50% efficiency

  9. Commercial Module Range Laboratory Cells Histories of Silicon Photovoltaic Module and Cell Efficiencies Ref.: Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)

  10. April Allderdice and John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

  11. Antonio C. Jimenez, Tom Lawand; Renewable Energy for Rural Schools; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

  12. Jonathan O.V. Touryan and Kenell J. Touryan; Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Village Power; Presented at the American Scientific Affiliation Conference Arkansas August 1, 1999 National Renewable Energy Laboratory

  13. Background – Solar and DC Power • Conclusion • Solar photovoltaic is poised for leapfrog technology • Many development tools available • Expectation of future efficiencies • Sustainable power source • Digital control of standalone system • DC is power of future • Decentralized • Matched to source and loads

  14. Solar Panel Control and Status DC Interface Energy Storage (Battery) Technical Description of SuPER System • Modular design: four subsystems • Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system design very mature

  15. Technical Description of SuPER System – approach and goals • Approach to design from first principles • Created set of five sets of requirements • Overall, and a set for each subsystem • Overall goal: • Mean time between failures (MTBF): 25 years • Mean time to repair (MTTR): 1 hour • Design lifecycle of 20 years • Cost: less than $500 for 1 sq m PV module including battery replacements

  16. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements • Overall system requirements (abbreviated) • Total power/energy budget: input, storage, output • Measurements and definition of state • Safety: NEC/standards code, grounding • Mechanical design: enclosure/packaging • Startup and shutdown, error detection/recovery • Documentation: General Public License (Open Source)

  17. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements • Solar Panel requirements (abbreviated) • Size: 1, 2, 4 sq m modular design • Voltage (DC); 12V, 24V, 48V • Fixed tilt @ latitude + or – 15 deg • Modularity: parallel/series, interface DC sources • Maintenance • Measurements: voltage/current; spectral and temporal characterization; temperature

  18. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements • Energy storage requirements (abbreviated) • Type: deep cycle, AGM-gel, Ni-Cd • Maintenance minimal (clean terminals) • Replacement schedule: every 5-10 years • Safety and sustainability • Measurements: charging and discharging • Grounding and mechanical

  19. Technical Description of SuPER System - requirements • DC interface requirements (abbreviated) • Single or multiple DC outputs: model of AC 110V input service bus with multiple circuits • Currents: use of AWG 12 or 14 implies 15A • Circuit breakers, GFI, overload for motors • Characterization of DC electrical loads • Modular design for load growth • Forum for DC standarization: model of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

  20. Technical Description of SuPER System- requirements • Control and status module requirements (abbreviated) • Digital development technology: example is Altera FPGA/NIOS with uclinux OS, internet I/F • Switching of array power with conditioning • User display/interface • Digital control algorithms: maximum power point tracking (MPPT), softstart for power switching • Safety and grounding • Enclosure with environmental conditioning

  21. Feasibility Analysis • Worst case global solar radiation: 4 KW h / sq m per day • Solar cell efficiency of 10% yields 400 W h / sq m • Solar module of 1 sq m for 400 W h per day • Energy storage at 12V with discharge of 50% yields 66 A h battery • Car/truck battery • Five year replacement

  22. Feasibility Analysis • Lighting: 5 LED lamps @ 3W for 4 hours yields 60 W h • Water pump: ¼ HP (187 W) for one hour • 565 liters at maximum heigth of 7.62 m (garden hose) • Computer and communication: 50 W for one hour • Refrigerator (12V DC) @ 50 W h • Portable battery charging @ 50 W h

  23. Feasibility Analysis Daily Source (W h) Solar energy production 400 Total energy use allocation 397 Lighting 60 Pump/motor 187 Computer/communications 50 Refrigerator 50 Portable battery charging 50 Energy storage: 12V AGM lead acid battery rated at 66 A h (one day supply for 50% discharge)

  24. Feasibility Analysis • Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) • SunWize Systems model DC30 75/100 • Manufacturer suggested retail price $1469 • Solar power generator system • Self-contained 12V DC with battery storage • 190 W h with input solar radiation of 4 K w h / day • Marketed for emergency power applications • AC output models available

  25. Five Year Plan for Development • Summary of development process • First three years for prototype development • Three generations at one year for each • Use of Electric Power Institute for administration • Last two years for field testing • Five years for completed design and testing • Includes business plan, documentation and dissemination

  26. Five Year Plan for Development • First year activities • First generation functional design • Use of 20-101 power senior project lab • Set up development environment • FPGA and uclinux OS • Using EE/CPE senior project and thesis • Prototype goal: satisfy all functional requirements • Marketing plans with OCOB students • Winter 06 client for BUS 454 Developing and Presenting Marketing Plans/Senior Project • At least three marketing plans proposed: • USA investors for SuPER development • Indigenous entrepreneurs business opportunity • Indigenous consumers for SuPER system

  27. Five Year Plan for Development • Second year activities • Second generation prototype addressing: • modularity, manufacturing, reliability, maintainability, cost, packaging • Development of involvement of student clubs • Extensive system testing and evaluation • Initiation of business plan • Establishment of DC standards forum

  28. Five Year Plan for Development • Third year of activities • Third generation SuPER prototype addressing: • Packaging • Satisfies all functional and performance requirements • Cost requirements satisfied • Extensive testing and evaluation • Complete open source documentation of SuPER System: GPL compliant • Growth of DC standard forum development activities • Business plans disseminated • Targeted entrepreneurs within countries of interest • Plan for field testing in fourth year • Potential of Navajo Nation developed

  29. Five Year Plan for Development • Fourth and fifth year of activities: • Assessment of SuPER system • Improvement of design and construction • MTBF of 25 years, MTTR of 1 hour • 20 year lifecycle cost < $500 • Update of SuPER system open source documentation • Pilot projects initiated and evaluated • DC standards forum publishes DC standard • Revised business plan disseminated

  30. Faculty Participating on SuPER Project • Administrated by Electric Power Institute • Dr. Ahmad Nafisi, Director • Collaboration with CENG Center for Sustainability in Engineering • Dr. Deanna Richards, Director • EE/CPE faculty initially involved: • Drs. James G. Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, Taufik • OCOB faculty initially involved: • Dr. Doug Cerf, Associate Dean • Dr. Norm Borin, Chair of Marketing Area

  31. Student Involvement • EE graduate students for thesis work in system engineering • Overall system requirements, design, integration and testing • System design for status and control • EE and CPE students for senior projects in subsystem development • Design and testing of subsystems • OCOB students for senior projects in BUS 454 for marketing plans • Development of a Cal Poly SuPER team

  32. Student Involvement • Initially work with resources available • Adequate for start, just lengthens schedule • Plan to acquire support for not only additional resources, but also students • Faculty to provide continuing direction through “generations” of students working on SuPER project

  33. Facilities, Equipment and Resources • Solar panel system available in EE Department – see photo • Development laboratory to be established in power senior project laboratory (20-101) • Resources of Power Electronics Laboratory available (20-104) • Basic infrastructure for system development exists at Cal Poly

  34. 450-W 24-V Solar Panels on mobile station, 40-Amp charge controller, Solar Boost MPPT, and 2 Deka Solar Sealed Electrolyte Batteries; lab also has a 3.5 kW Outback All-In-One (MPPT, Charge Controller, and Inverter) to accommodate future expansion of the solar panel system.

  35. Status and Plans - foundations • Support solicited over summer from foundations: • MacArthur • Rockefeller Brothers • Energy Foundation • Ford • Hewlett • Packard • Clairborne (Liz) and Art Ortenbery • Gates • Kaufman • “it does not fall within either of their current funding priorities and/or guidelines.”

  36. Status and Plans - NSF • Submitted proposal to National Science Foundation on September 23, 2005 • RUI: Development of Sustainable Power for Electrical Resources – SuPER System • Research in Undergraduate Institutions (RUI) Program Announcement within its Faculty Research Projects area for three years and total of $240K • Submitted to Control, Networks & Computation Intelligence (CCNI) program within Electrical & Communications and Systems (ECS) Division of the Engineering Directorate

  37. Status and Plans - start • Initiate the effort with existing resources • Senior projects and thesis work • Engineering – technical • Business – economic • Establish DC web-based forum • Continue to involve other faculty and students

  38. Why? Broader Impact of SuPER Project • Provides family owned electrical power source • Only electrical power source for family • Increasing power resource with time • With financial business plan: $2-3 per month for all electrical power needs • Decentralized, sustainable development of electrical power in poorest countries • SuPER system potential resource for raising standard of living of poorest to par with rest of world

  39. Broader Impact • Priority and focus on developing sustainable electrical resource for poorest people • Success will provide model for people in developed nations • Recognize commitment to status quo • Centralized AC power generation with distribution • Review current PG&E bill • Replace with sustainable distributed DC power

  40. Interested in Participating? • Check out SuPER website: http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.html • Announcement of opportunities • White Paper • Graduate Seminar Presentation • Visit with faculty involved: • EE: Jim Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, Taufik • OCOB: Doug Cerf, Norm Borin

  41. References • 1. George Constable, Bob Somerville; A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed our Lives; National Academy of Engineering; 2003; overview available at http://www.greatachievements.org/ • 2. Jonathan O.V. Touryan, Kenell J. Touryan; "Renewable Energy for • Sustainable Rural Village Power";Presented at the American Scientific Affiliation • Conference ArkansasAugust 1999, available from NREL as NREL/CP-720-26871 • [hybrid system for nrel village power program report • 3. Begay-Campbell, Sandia National Laboratories; "Sustainable Hybrid System Deployment with the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"; NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting 2003 NREL/CD-520-33586 Page 541; available at http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv_prm/pdfs/33586073.pdf [estimated date 2003, describes program resulting from "On November 5, 2001, President Bush signed the Navajo Nation Electrification Demonstration Program (Section 602, Public Law 106-511) into Law. This law directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a 5-year program to assist the Navajo Nation in meeting its electricity needs for the estimated 18,000 occupied structures on the Navajo Nation that lack electric power."] • 4. Thomas P. Hughes; Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983 • 5. Thomas P. Hughes; American Genesis A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870-1970; Penguin Books; 1989 • 6. David Nye; Electrifying America Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940; MIT Press; 1990

  42. References • 7. Antonio C. Jimenez, Tom Lawand; "Renewable Energy for Rural Schools"; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000 • [report from village power program at nrel – covers all renewable sources] • 8. April Allderdice, John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; NREL: November 2000; available from http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508 • [microfinance introduction for renewable energy in underdevelopment countries] • 9. Ulrich Stutenbaumer, Tesfaye Negash, Amensisa Abdi; "Performance of small scale photovoltaic systems and their potential for rural electrification in Ethiopia"; Renewable Energy 18 (1999) pp 35-48 • [authored by locals, but dated – example of early recognition of possibilities] • 10. Sunwize Technologies; http://www.sunwize.com/; insolation map available at http://www.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htm • [on-line catalog and interactive planning support; global insolation map] • 11. Evan Mills; "The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1263-1264 • 12. E. Fred Schubert, Jong Kyu Kim; "Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1274-1278 • 13. Thurton, J.P. and Stafford, B; "Successful Design of PV Power Systems for Solid-State Lighting Applications"; Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting; 3-6 August, 2004, Denver. Colorado / Proc. of SPIE; v. 5530; 2004; pp284-295 • [mainly lessons learned]

  43. References • 14. MIT Media Lab; http://laptop.media.mit.edu/ • 15. Sandia National Laboratories, Solar Programs and Technologies Department; Southwest Technology Development Institute, New Mexico State University; Daystar, Inc., Las Cruces, NM; "Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND87-7023 Updated July 2003 • [revised handbook first published in 1988] • 16. Kyocera Solar, Inc., Solar Electric Products Catalog , August 2005 • [available on web – prices for small modules only] • 17. IEA PVPS International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Photovoltaic Power Systems Task 3 Use of Photovoltaic Power Systems in Stand-Alone and Island • Applications Report IEA PVPS T3-09: 2002 "Use of appliances in Stand-Alone PV Power supply systems: problems and solutions; September 2002 • [dos and don'ts for design] • 18. Alison Wilshaw, Lucy Southgate & Rolf Oldach; "Quality Management of Stand Alone PV Systems: Recommended Practices" IEA Task 3, www.task3.pvps.iea.org • [another report of iea agreement] • 19. Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First • 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612) • [history and use of moore's law with darpa rfp; also figure] • 20. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BAA05-21 posted Feb. 25, 2005 RFP—Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program announcement with deadline on 3/29/2005, which will be open at least a year from this date; see http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htm

  44. References • 21. H. Spanggaard, F.C. Krebs; "A brief history of the development of organic and • polymeric photovoltaics"; Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 83 (2004) 125–146 • [overview in context of inorganic (si) pv's) • 22. T. Givler, P. Lilienthal; "Using HOMER® Software, NREL’s Micropower Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka"; Technical Report NREL/TP-710-36774; May 2005. • 23. David L. King, Thomas D. Hund, William E. Boyson, Mark E. Ralph, Marlene Brown, Ron Orozco; "Experimental Optimization of the FireFly. 600 Photovoltaic Off-Grid System"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2003-3493 October 2003 • [system and component test with ac inverter; measurement parameters; standards and codes identified, e.g., grounding] • 24. R. Akkaya*, A. A. Kulaksiz; "A microcontroller-based stand-alone photovoltaic power system for residential appliances"; Applied Energy 78 (2004) 419–431; available at • www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy • [microbased control, but focused on AC output]

  45. References • 25. Angel V. Peterchev, Seth R. Sanders; "Digital Loss-Minimizing Multi-Mode Synchronous Buck Converter Control"; 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Aachen, Germany, 2004 • [dc to dc for cell phone/computer using digital techniques] • 26. Jason Hatashita, "Evaluation of a Network Co-processing Architecture Implemented in Programmable Hardware." EE MS Thesis, February 2002; available at http://www.netprl.calpoly.edu/files/phatfile/papers/masters/jasonH.pdf • 27. Homepage for Cal Poly Marketing Program: http://buiznt.cob.calpoly.edu/cob/Mktg/Borin/ ; see client application in lower right hand space • 28. EE 460/463/464 Senior Seminar/Senior Project Handbook available at: • http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/listings/29/sphand.pdf] • 29. Muhammad H. Rashid; Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications(3rd Edition); Prentice-Hall; 2004

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