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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Eastern Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Japan Land of the Rising Sun. Japan is an Island country 4 main islands Hokkaido (north) Honshu (center) Kyushu and Shikoku (south) Temperate Climate especially in the East 3 major cities Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Eastern Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

  2. Japan Land of the Rising Sun • Japan is an Island country • 4 main islands • Hokkaido (north) • Honshu (center) • Kyushu and Shikoku (south) • Temperate Climate especially in the East • 3 major cities • Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto

  3. Geography • Mountainous – volcanic – creates fertile soil • 20% total land is suitable for cultivation = 2 crops/year • Located on Asian and Pacific tectonic plates – prone to earthquakes • Film Clip: Days that Shook the World: Japan 1923

  4. Origins • Izanagi and Izanami – god and goddess their union creates Japan • Give birth to Amaterasu which then becomes the founder of society • This gives credence to the Emperors to come

  5. Origins Con’t • Evidence of humans at least 100,000 years • Jomon 10,000 years ago pottery evidence • 400 BCE – Korean immigrants Yayoi culture come to Japan along with rice crops will spread to northern islands

  6. Yayoi Culture • Settle predominately in Yamato Plain (near the modern cities of Osaka and Kyoto) • Tribal Society called Uji • Ruled by hereditary chieftain • Protection for portion of harvest • Population divided into: • Aristocratic class • Majority of Population • Rice farmers • Artisans • Household servants

  7. Yayoi Con’t • Highly decentralized society • Although, dominant clan in the Yamato region claimed to be descendent of Amaterasu and did contain some measure of power.

  8. The Rise of the Japanese State • Do to the potential threat of China, Japan reorganized itself: • 1) Created alliances with remaining Korean States • 2) Centralized authority to reset a Chinese invasion

  9. Shotoku Taishi (562 - 622) • Key, dominant figure in Yamato region • Sent missions to Chang’an (Tang) to learn political institutions to strengthen centralization • Taishi Reforms: • Creates 17 Article Constitution (pg 294) • Supreme ruler and a merit system for selecting and ranking public officials, • Limited the power of hereditary nobility • Enhanced the prestige and authority of the Yamato ruler

  10. Taika – the great change • Creation of the Grand Council of State • Cabinet of 8 ministries • Japan divided into administrative districts • Rural villages run by chiefs • Overseer of the household registers • Assigning of the sowing of crops and cultivation • Rice and mulberry trees • Prevention of offences • Requisition of taxes and forced labour

  11. New Tax System: • New tax and law system creates centralized taxes • Land is now owned by the state • Taxes now paid directly to the state • Introduction of Buddhism into the country

  12. The Nara (710-784) and Heian (794-1185) Periods • These periods = a time of decentralization • To avoid taxes land was given up to high ranking aristocrats who were exempt from paying taxes • Result – centralized government loses influence and strategic marriages bind strong factions together • Rural Clans continued to become more powerful especially with the introduction of the samurai. • Clans become militant

  13. The Samurai • Lived life of simplicity and self-sacrifice • Followed Bushido or warrior code • Strict loyalty bonded samurai class • Become a major political and military force in the country side. See bookmarked sites

  14. The Kamakura Shogunate • Civil war ensues as decentralization occurs • Re-Centralization occurs under the leadership from a warrior clan: Minamoto Yoritomo (1142-1199) • Sets up power base at Kamakura peninsula • Shogunate System: • Centralized government Bakufu • Powerful Military under leadership of the Shogun • Emperor exist but is a figure had to the Shogun • System will continue into the second half of the 19th C.

  15. Time of Unrest • Mongol Invasion Late 13th C • Invasion tried twice • Second invasion conquered by Kamikaze “divine wind) Typhoon • Ashikaga Period 1333 – 1600 • Decentralization rampant • Daimyo (great names) are ruling creating a loose coalition of families ruling together • Onin War 1462-1477 • Destruction of Capital City of Kyoto • Disintegration of the Shogunate • Powerful Aristocrats seize large territories and rule independently • Warring common until 16th C when centralization returns

  16. Economic and Social Structure • Agricultural society based on “wet rice”

  17. Economic Con’t • Commerce slow to develop in Japan • Uji – made up of weavers, carpenters and ironworkers trade though is regulated and limited to clan leaders • Yamato state money economy gradually develops although barter is common

  18. Kamakura Period • Trade and manufacturing develop • Appearance of Tri-monthly markets • Emergence of industry: paper, iron casting, and porcelain • Foreign trade with Korea and China • Japanese Exports: raw materials, paintings, swords • Japanese Imports: silk, porcelain, books, copper cash

  19. Ashikaga Period • Rapid growth of wealth and authority of daimyo families create market towns • Full money economies • Local manufacturers form gilds – Zaivatsu • Monopolies on product industry – apprentice, journeyman, master • includes rice, samurai swords etc. • Rice famines

  20. Social Life • Common People • Top officials – well to do peasants – responsible for organizing collective labour services and collecting tax grain and so are exempt from taxes • Peasents • Genin – Landless labour • Eta – Hereditary slaves

  21. Gender Roles • Women and men share importance early on as both are needed to perform tasks to survive • Polygamy common • 8th C law code guaranteed inheritance rights of women, and wives abandoned by husbands were permitted to divorce and remarry • Husbands could divorce if a male child wasn’t produced, committed adultery, disobeyed parents in law, talked too much, engaged in theft was jealous or had a serious illness! • With the introduction of Buddhism women were subordinate in position

  22. Religion • Early belief – worship of nature spirits: Kami and ancestor spirits • Evolve into Shinto the state religion • Ritualistic acts at a shrine • Process of purification • Stress on the importance and beauty of nature • Becomes a state doctrine linked the divinity of the emperor and Japanese nation

  23. Buddhism • Introduced in 6th C CE • Create a Shinto/Buddhism combination in a symbiotic relationship • Two sects • 1) Pure Land sect – common people • Devotion alone could lead to enlightenment and release • 2) Zen Buddhism – compliment traditional beliefs • Austerity self-discipline and communion of nature

  24. Korea • Major influences from China • Korea is divided into the Three Kingdoms • 4th to 7th C • Kings bitter rivalry for influence and territory on the peninsula • All absorb political and cultural influence from China • Koguryo influenced by Buddhism in the late 4th C • Kingdoms share a tributary relationship with China • Silla has strong internal cohesion due to location from China will become dominant power

  25. Silla Kingdom • Force Chinese from all of Korea except Yalu River • Accepts tributary status under the Tang • Attempted to use Chinese political model for centralization • Buddhism rising in popularity • Chinese architecture, art, and written language become popular • No civil service examination system or distribution manorial lands to the poor • Sulla king assassinated in 780 country sinks into civil war

  26. Koryo Dynasty • Arose in the North • Adopted Chinese political model • Civil Service exam system introduced in 958 • Industry and commerce slowed develop • Agriculture premier source of wealth • King and noble families hold land • Base people composed of slaves, artisans, and specialized workers

  27. Mongol Rule • Koryo unable to overcome the power of the nobility and the absence of a reliable tax base • Koryo becomes a tributary to Khan • Profound suffering to the Korean people for peasants and artisans • Introduction of new ideas and technology • With the rise of the Ming in China Koryo collapses • Power now in the hands of Military commander Yi Song-gye Yi dynasty in 1392

  28. Vietnam – The Smaller Dragon • By 200 BCE – a young state began to form • Immediately felt pressure by the Qin Dynasty in China • Vietnamese gain independence after the Qin collapse • A Century later absorbed into the Han Empire • Started autonomous region under the administration of the local landed aristocracy • Chinese taxes are oppressive and in 39 CE revolt led by Trung Sisters bring an end to Han rule

  29. Cont • Chinese suppress the rebellion and begin to rule directly • Intermarriages between the Sino-Vietnamese elite identirfy with Vietnamese autonomy • Art, architecture, literature, philosophy and written language of the Chinese adopted • Seen as part of China

  30. The Rise of the Great Viet • In the 10th C – Vietnamese strengthened by a sense of ethnic and cultural identity overthrow Chinese rule with the collapse of the Tang Dynasty • Dai Viet becomes a new force on the South-east Asian mainland • Dai Viet – take on Champa and the Gulf of Siam and Mongols – being successful! • Use of guerrilla warfare

  31. Chinese Legacy • Confucian model followed • Ruler styled like Chinese Emperor • Adopted Chinese court rituals, claimed Mandate of Heaven • Chinese political model adopted including civil service exam • Spread of Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism

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