Social Aspects of Dynamic Poverty Traps

1. Social Aspects of Dynamic Poverty Traps Cases from Vihiga, Baringo and Marsabit Districts, Kenya Nelson Mango, Wesley Ongadi, Gatarwa Kariuki, & Josephat Cheng�ole

2. Research Team Nelson Mango (ILRI), Gatarwa Kariuki (KARI), Josephat Cheng�ole (KARI), Wesley Ongadi (ICRAF/KEFRI) Willis Oluoch K�Osura (UoN), Frank Place(ICRAF), Festus Murithi (KARI) Justin Wangila (ICRAF) Supported by: IDRC (Canada), BASIS/CRSP (USAID)

3. Objectives 1. To characterize, identify, and analyze dynamic poverty processes using social and historical methods By paying particular attention to changes in natural capital and human welfare dynamics

4. Objectives cont�. 2. To identify existing and potential strategies for households to escape poverty traps and to understand the constraints in employing them.

5. The research areas Vihiga district - Madzuu (Mungoma) location Baringo district - Ng�ambo location Marsabit district - Dirib Gombo location:

9. Research Methodology The overall approach to the research was qualitative Three step approach Community level workshop Case studies (Sampling & Techniques) Interviews with key informants

10. Community level workshop PRA tools that were used included 1. Presentations and focused group discussions 2. Subgroup discussions and presentations 3. Historical timelines

11. Workshop Cont�. 4. Seasonal calendars 5. Problem analysis 6. Problem trend lines 7. Wealth ranking and wellbeing analysis

12. Case studies (sampling) Purposive sampling technique 1. Poor � nonpoor 2. Nonpoor � poor 3. Poor � poor - increase - decrease - no change

13. Sampling Cont�. 4. Nonpoor � Nonpoor - increase - decrease - no change

14. Case studies (Techniques) Ethnography Critical events Life histories Listening to people�s narratives Participant Observation Oral histories

15. Key Informants Ethnography Oral History Reading of Texts

16. Poverty Lines Heavily indebted, poor housing, poor clothing, <3 meals/day, uncared for children and poor health (combined) (Vihiga). Have <5 cattle, <5 goats and 5 sheep combined (Baringo). Have <8 cattle, <4 acres of land and no oxen to plough (combined) (Marsabit). �����

17. Reasons for escape from poverty Education Getting a well paying job in public or private sector Diversification in on-farm and off-farm activities Having a wider social network (clan support, farmer groups etc)

18. Reasons for remaining Non-poor Coming from a wealthy and stable family background Self discipline (ability to control finances) Ability to manage terror in the village (Vihiga) Other reasons similar to those for escape from poverty

19. Reasons for falling into poverty Death of major income earner Poor health and health related expenses Heavy funeral expenses Lose of employment Reducing land sizes per household including grazing land

20. Falling cont��. Unproductive land Increased dependencies (large family size) Frequent droughts and floods (Marsabit & Baringo)

21. Reasons for remaining poor Coming from a poor background Low levels of education and wrong mentality Having very small unproductive land

22. Remaining poor cont�.. Landlessness and lack of resources Over reliance on livestock (Marsabit & Baringo) Other reasons similar to those for falling into poverty

23. Lessons learnt Those who managed to escape from poverty and the non-poor tended to take care of the environment. Reasons for falling into poverty tended to be different from reasons for escape from poverty Human and social capital were determining factors in falling into poverty, escaping from poverty, remaining non-poor or poor

24. Reflection on the research methods Ethnography is a powerful tool for penetrating the society Community level workshops brought people together to discuss with researchers their own situation. First hand information generated remained with them Other useful qualitative research techniques include extended situational analysis, genealogies etc.)