Understanding Taxonomy Academic Biology

1. Understanding TaxonomyAcademic Biology

2. The 6 Kingdoms Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on their type of cells, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies

3. Prokaryotes organisms whose cells lack a nucleusØ       Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

4. Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes • Decomposition • Nitrogen fixation • Mutualistic relationships • Parasitic relationships • Commercial uses Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria which causes Syphilis in humans

5. Eukaryotes organisms with cells that contain nuclei. Their chemical instructions are in the nucleus.

6. Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms • Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes. • Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals • Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts) • Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose • Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall

7. Kingdoms and Domains The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

8. Kingdom Monera The traditional five-kingdom system Monera The six-kingdom system Eubacteria Archaea

9. The Kingdom Monera Eubacteria • Common name: Bacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes • Have cell wall • Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries) Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years)

10. Eubacteria a.  Can be found in yogurt b.  Unicellular bacteriac.  Autotrophic or heterotrophicd.   Most are helpful, some cause things like strep throat Bacteria which causes strep throat

11. Archaebacteriameans “ancient bacteria” a.  Unicellular bacteriab. Autotrophic or heterotrophicc.   Live in places without O2 (ocean floor, salty water, hot springs, and your intestines!)d.   Prokaryotes

12. The Kingdom Protista   Slime moldsb.  Autotrophic or heterotrophicc.   Most unicellulard.   Some multicellular, sea weede.    EukaryotesA classification problem • Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia • Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups Entamoeba histolytica

13. Important foundation in food chain. Produce a lot of Oxygen Decomposition Symbiotic relationships Mutualistic Parasitic Medicinal and Industrial Uses Ecological Importance Euglena is both autotrophic and heterotrophic

14. Mushrooms, molds and mildewb.  Most are Multicellular eukaryotesc.  Yeast is unicellular eukaryotesd.  Most found on land, a few in fresh watere.  Heterotrophs—feed on decaying organisms The Kingdom Fungi Puffball Drops of rain trigger the release of spores Pholiota spp Degrades wood very quickly

15. Ecological Importance • Decomposers • Symbiotic • Parasitic • On plants • On animals • Mutualistic • Lichens • Mycorrhizae Epidermophyton floccosum, fungi causing athlete’s foot

16. The Kingdom Plantae  Dandelions, mosses, tomatoesb.  Multicellular eukaryotesc.   Autotrophsd.   Some produce flowers some do not.e.   Can be small or grow tall like a sequoia tree Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota

17. Major Groups of Plants • Three traditional groupings: • Bryophytes—nonvascular plants • Tracheophytes — vascular, • Seed plants • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms Ginkgo biloba Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.

18. Importance of Plants to Humans • Food source– Wheat, grains, fruits, vegetables • Medicine– Aspirin, cancer treatments, stimulants • Industry – Agriculture, wood products, cotton Sugarcane

19. The Kingdom Animalia Dogs, fleas, rabbits, Human, turtles mosquitoes… • Multicellular eukaryotes. • Heterotrophs Baby Chicks

20. Invertebrates and Vertebrates • Invertebrates • 97% of the Animal Kingdom • Absence of backbone • Includes sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms • Vertebrates • Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage) • Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis Notice the “false” white eye markings behind the head.

21. Sponges Cnidarians Worms Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms Invertebrate Animals Colony of sponges Chambered Nautilus

22. Sponges Cnidarians Worms Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms Invertebrate Animals Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum Txodes scapularis Deer tick

23. Vertebrate Animals • Chordates • Fish • Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey) • Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) • Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon) • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals Ardea herodias Great Grey Heron

24. Name 6 Kingdoms

25. Name 6 Kingdoms The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

26. What is a prokaryote?

27. Prokaryotes organisms whose cells lack a nucleusØ       Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

28. Which 2 kingdoms only have prokaryotes?

29. Kingdom Monera The traditional five-kingdom system Monera The six-kingdom system Eubacteria Archaea

30. Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?

31. Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms? • Fungi and animalia