Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources Thursday, April 20 th (2:00-3:00pm)

1. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool ResourcesThursday, April 20th (2:00-3:00pm)

2. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources Fisheries Co-Management In ThailandRachel Fleishman

3. Fisheries Policy in Thailand Co-management as an innovative solution Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

4. Common Property Resources (CPR) • Four management regimes • Open-access • Private property • State property • Communal property • Thailand uses mostly • State property… ‘command-and control’ regulation • “Co-management”… combination of state and community control Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

5. Importance of fisheries in Thailand • Employment • Food… important source of animal protein • Foreign exchange and portion of GDP • Dependence on fisheries in coastal communities • Represents a high percentage of income • Few alternative employment options Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

6. Problems in Thai fisheries • Over-exploitation • Indications…declining CPUE, lost species and habitats, increasing proportion of “trash fish” • Causes…new technology (for catching and processing), excess fishing capacity, exclusion from EEZs of other countries • Conflicts between small-scale and commercial fishers Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

7. ‘State control’ policies • Main legislation • Thai Vessels Act (1938) • Act Governing the Right to Fish in Thai Fisheries Waters (1939) • Fisheries Act (1947) • Types of regulations imposed…Gear restrictions (seasonal and spatial), licensing, maximum allowable catch • Non-regulatory actions…Subsidizing infrastructure improvements, restoration, non-destructive gear, & alternative livelihoods. Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

8. Regulatory failure • Main goals… • Increased production (esp. deep sea fishing and aquaculture) • Sustainable yields • Improved quality of life for fishers & fisher participation • Global competitiveness & development of a domestic market • Problems with regulatory policy…. • Lack of enforcement capacity • Lack of political will • Lack of input and participation from fisher communities. Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

9. Co-management • Definition….“an arrangement where management responsibility is shared between the government and fishing communities…. a set of institutional and organizational arrangements (rights and rules), which define the cooperation among the fisheries administration and relevant fishing communities (Neilsen, et al 2004).” • Role of government…provide the legal/political support for co-management institutions to function; enforce system of rights and rules. • Role of the community… determine system of rights and rules; monitoring; incorporation of local knowledge into system. Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

10. Application of co-management in Thailand • Pilot projects • Several sponsored by int’l organizations (FAO, UN, DANIDA) and research institutes (ICLARM, IFM) • Key actors: government agencies, local government officials, local NGOs, village organizations, academics, and religious leaders • Baan Ao Lom case… a success? • Importance of informal community institutions; cultural solidarity/homogeneity; and ability to exclude outsiders • Exclusionwithin and outside of the community Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

11. Co-management impacts • Benefits • Better policy through incorporation of local preferences & knowledge • Investment from community yields longer-term effectiveness • Cost-savings for government • Spin-off benefits in terms of community organizing • Diversification of fisheries policy • Costs • Transaction costs • Exclusion and inequity Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

12. Policy recommendations • Continue to experiment with co-management • Direct careful attention to equity concerns * Evaluation by a disinterested third party, such as an NGO  * Strengthening national democratic institutions  • Improve enforcement of existing government regulations and look for ways to coordinate these with community monitoring efforts • Promote alternative livelihoods in fishing communities; provide adult education and technical training. • Elimination of subsidies by developed countries on vessels fishing in developing country waters. Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”

13. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources Conservation Efforts In Africa: Lessons From Community-based ConservationSharon Pailler

14. Community Based Conservation in Africa Lessons Learned

15. Africa’s Biodiversity • Unique, extensive biodiversity • 50,000 plant sp • 1,500 bird sp • 1,000 mammal sp • Extreme, rapid biodiversity loss • Mostly human activity

16. Poverty • Africa’s profound, widespread poverty • SSA GNI per capita (excluding S. Africa), $307 -World Bank 2004 • Role of poverty in biodiversity loss: • Unsustainable resource use • Prioritize objectives other than conservation

17. Conservation measures: Effects on rural poor • Protected areas • Cannot use resources • Food • Shelter • Fuel • Livelihoods

19. Community Based Conservation (CBC) • Emergence: 1980’s • Address conservation issues AND community needs • Using: • Community participation • Sustainable resource use • Economic incentives

20. Effectiveness • CBC widely implemented • Little progress in either goal • Underlying basis of CBC may not promote conservation or poverty alleviation

21. Preferences for security and welfare Conservation-friendly economic activity Sufficient economic benefits Replace or supplement Potential Reasons

22. External exploitation Community participation Perceived vs. actual participation Potential Reasons

23. Conclusions • CBC falls short • Increasing pressure on biodiversity • Shortcomings of CBC provide a lesson for future efforts

24. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources Climate Change: Science vs. US Public PolicyMark Sergott

25. Climate Change: Science vs. U.S. Public Policy Mark S. Sergott Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship & Public Affairs April 20, 2006

26. Influential Factors • Climatic Problem Recognition • Presently, no crisis exists (i.e. death, disease, disastrous event). • Widespread fear or panic is not spreading across the country. • Absence of climatic warning indicators diminishes the severity of scientific • claims.

27. Influential Factors 2) Scientific Uncertainties • Estimating future anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. • Predicting the frequency of severe weather events. • Predicting future global trends: • population growth • industrialization in developing countries • technological advancements • changes in global energy consumption • Due to these uncertainties, predicting future climatic conditions • is highly speculative.

28. Influential Factors 3) Financial Costs • Key government barrier that prevents climate change from making it to the • forefront of the political agenda. • Concerns to the stability of the national economy. • Insufficient infrastructure to support the use of alternative fuels. • Technologies are still developing.

29. Influential Factors 4) Interest Group Presence • Many have vested interests in the economy. • Publicize the testimony of skeptical scientists. • Competition over legislative attention. • Disagreements have heightened partisan conflict, which ultimately has lead • to policy gridlock.

30. What the Scientific Community Needs to Do: • Gather support from other actors not currently involved in the climate change debate. • Strengthening governmental relationships with states that have begun taking steps • in coordinating efforts to combat climate change. • - Facilitate dialogues at both the national and regional levels. • There is hope that environmental education and awareness will lead to reform.

31. 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources Thursday, April 20th (2:00-3:00pm)