Urban Planning for a Sustainable City

1. Urban Planning for a Sustainable City Prof H M Mishra, Ph.D

2. Why Planning for Sustainable Development • The world’spopulation is now at 7.3 billion, and estimated to grow to 8 billion in the next 20 years. • While most countries’ economies have grown economically in the last 20 years, some have declined. • In the developing world, one in every five persons lives in extreme poverty and many associated social problems result: disease, disintegration of family, crime and use of drugs. • 800 million people in the world are still malnourished due to poor distribution in more remote areas. • Diseases such as AIDS and malaria have greatly affected populations

3. Planning for a Risk Society • Answer: to let “politics & morality” gain priority over “shifting & inherently uncertain science”--a radical (second) modernity & a new ecological democracy (Ulrich Beck)  a need to build a sustainable community

4. Planning for SD: Economic, Social & Environmental Capital Future impacts People People Resources: renewable & non-rew Information & capital City Region Goods & services Energy & water Wastes & pollution Goods and services Resource depletion Carrying Capacity Source: Ravetz, Joe (2000), City Region 2020, London: Earthscan

5. Human & Social Capital Health impacts vs. Human impacts Income & employment vs. Labour & consumption Resources & assimilation of pollution vs. Pollution & its abatement Environ-mental Capital Economic Capital Some Interactions Between Economic, Social and Environmental Capital Planning for SD: Economic, Social & Environmental Capital

6. ENVIRONMENT Environmental Capital: • Air • Water • Noise • Minerals • Forests, • Land, • Species of Flora & Fauna • Soil, etc. SOCIETY Human, Social & Cultural Capital • Education • Health • Housing • Social Network • Community Spirit • Social Equity • Arts and Culture • Sports & recreation • Entertainment & media, etc. ECONOMY Economic Capital • Built environment • Machinery • Vehicles • Investment, etc. (Modified from Giddings et. al, 2002, p.192) Meanings of Planning for Sustainable Development

7. Meanings of Planning for Sustainable Development • Basic Principles: • an ethical utilization of natural resources • an intra- and inter-generational equity • Derived Sustainable Development Principles

8. Sustain. Development Principles Basic Principles Ethical utilization of natural resources Intra- and inter-generational equity Economic Capital Long-term economic prosperity Restorative economy Reforming market economy Ecological modernization Human and Social Capital Diversities in human resources Cultural diversities Satisfying basic needs Equity in governance Social cohesion Equal opportunities Environmental (Physical & Built) Capital Geographical equity Living within nature’s carrying capacity Enhancing biodiversity Replace/ Recycle/ Reuse Policy Tools Government Long term strategic views & integrated policy making Law & legislation Financing mechanisms Government vis-à-vis Market Ecological modernization Green consumerism Targeted inward investment Promotion of environmental business Encourage competition Information dissemination Government vis-à-vis Community A learning culture Three-way (government, private sector, community) partnership Community based initiatives Social/cultural/attitudinal changes Urban Context Economic Capital Economy Urban fiscal base Economic spaces Infrastructure Built environment Human and Social Capital Education Health Sports and Leisure Safety Community Political System Governance Environmental (Physical & Built) Capital Food Air Water Noise Architecture Cultural Heritage Meanings of Planning for SD: principles & policies

9. Meanings Planning for SD

10. Meanings of SD

11. Characteristics of SD

12. Why Citizen Participation? • Plans have a greater chance of being implemented when citizens play a meaningful role in shaping them. • They know better what they want! • Stakeholders must feel ownership of the plan. • Identifying common values in divergent interests • Building consensus

13. Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation

14. The ‘Wheel’ of Empowerment

15. Citizen attitude surveys Use of mediator or facilitator Citizen training Telephone hotlines Interactive cable TV Open door policy Visioning sessions Task forces Public hearings Guided tours Workshops/ charettes Visual preference testing Game simulation Citizen advisory board Media & public information campaigns Community planning centres Involving youths & kids Techniques

16. Characteristics of SD • Vitality & Variety • activity nodes • street activities • land uses • texture (relationship of buildings and space) • grain of street pattern • visual quality • relation of buildings to street • “Greening the city” • colour • shade • softening • air pollution absorption • micro-climate • aesthetics • ambience Traffic and transport public access to non-polluting transport connectivity of public transport modes and routes pedestrian accessibility pedestrian permeability pedestrian experience Form of new development Sympathetic to topography Compatible with the desired character of the area Public space appropriateness of location opportunities for ‘conferred life’ quality connectivity appropriateness of purpose

20. How to Develop a Sustainable City ?

21. How to Develop a Sustainable City ? • Vitality & Variety • activity nodes • street activities • land uses • texture (relationship of buildings and space) • grain of street pattern • visual quality • relation of buildings to street • “Greening the city” • colour • shade • softening • air pollution absorption • micro-climate • aesthetics • ambience Traffic and transport public access to non-polluting transport connectivity of public transport modes and routes pedestrian accessibility pedestrian permeability pedestrian experience Form of new development Sympathetic to topography Compatible with the desired character of the area Public space appropriateness of location opportunities for ‘conferred life’ quality connectivity appropriateness of purpose

22. Conclusion • Sustainable development requires everyone’s efforts and creativity • SD is not just a concept to be learnt. SD is a way of life, a commitment to social justice among fellow human beings and a respect for mother nature. • SD perspective carries a long term view and requires us to seek comprehensive assessments of social, economic and environmental costs of our actions, be it government policies, programmes and projects; the private sector’s production activities; or the community’s individual and collective choices in their everyday life.