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4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and Innovation Curitiba, 28-31 August 2000

4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and Innovation Curitiba, 28-31 August 2000. Towards a University Agenda on Engineering Policy and the Management of Technology Pedro Conceição and Manuel Heitor. CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+

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4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and Innovation Curitiba, 28-31 August 2000

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  1. 4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and InnovationCuritiba, 28-31 August 2000 Towards a University Agenda on Engineering Policy and the Management of Technology Pedro Conceição and Manuel Heitor CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+ Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt

  2. Background:trends for the University ?Conceicão & heitor (1999) • Valorization of human and intellectual capital? Codified knowledge (“software”) Tacit knowledge (“wetware”) Challenges and … Opportunities...

  3. TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE UNIVERSITIES and R&D IN SOCIETY 1. Intellectual Property Protection issues: economic impact negligible promotes institutional integrity requires adaptation and flexibility 2. Technology Infrastructures and Science Parks issues: emphasis local development have not promoted U-I linkages The model: “american university” as reference

  4. TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN SOCIETY The trend: a process of “institutional convergence” The result: universities today, despite their long historical I inheritance, are relatively new institutions… … with a complex set of incentive structures and organizational features (Rosenberg & Nelson, 1996) The threat: institutional integrity The analysis: “standard”, linear model has been implicit in m most studies

  5. Edudation / training for last 10 years New technologies Education / training acquired for more than 10 years Existing technologies 2000 2010 2000 2010 The knowledge gap(Scope: EUROPEAN REGIONS) 2010: 80% of technologies with less than 10 years, while 80% of working force has acquired training with more than 10 years

  6. QUESTION Which trends for advanced education and research in engineering schools, in a way to contribute for the challenges faced by engineering and technology to enhance innovation?

  7. Knowledge InstitutionsLearning Organisations Intellectual PropertyLearning Networks The need for institutional renewal, …promoting diversity with institutional integrity, (Conceicão & Heitor, 1999) …making use of partnerships! (Conceicão, Gibson, Heitor & Sirilli, 2000) Our Argument... • The scope:...the globalized “learning society”! BUT, understanding research (R&D; R&T; R&L), promoting research for creative teaching, and integrating technology, policy and management!

  8. The CONTEXT • 1. Technological change: accelerating • 2. The “new” economy: “the big boom” • 3. Social Dynamics: complexity and diversity • 4. “Governance”: a new model! OCDE: “FUTURES”, Hannover 2000 EC: “IPTS - Futures Report”, 2000

  9. Technological Change:materials, IPTS(1999) 1800 1960 10 000 BC 5000 BC 0 1000 1500 1900 1940 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 GOLD COOPER METALS METALS BRONZE GLASSY METALS AL-LITHIUM ALLOYS DUAL PHASE STEELS MICROALLOYED STEELS IRON NEW SUPER ALLOYS DEVELOPMENT SLOW MOSTLY QUALITY CONTROL AND PROCESSING POLYMERS CAST IRON SKIN FIBRE GUMS STEELS ALLOY IVORY STEELS COMPOSITES RELATIVE IMPORTANCE SURFACE ENGINEERING LIGHT ALLOYS POLYMERS BRICKS (with STRAW) RUBBER WOOD SUPER ALLOYS CONDUCTING POLYMERS PAPER HIGH TEMPERATURE POLYMERS TITANIUM ZINCONIUM ETC STONE ALLOYS COMPOSITES FLINT HIGH MODULUS POLYMERS BAKELITE POTTERT CERAMIC COMPOSITES GLASS EPOXIES METAL-MATRIX NYLON CEMENT COMPOSITES POLYESTERS CERAMICS CERAMICS KEVLAR REFRACTORIES SUPERCONDUCTORS PORTLAND CEMENT TOUGH ENGINEERING CERAMICS FUSED SILICA CERMETS 10000 BC 0 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 5000 BC

  10. Technological Change: telecommunications

  11. Technological Change: perspectives TECHNOLOGIES • more technologies to produce each product PROCESSES TECHNOLOGY • more products produced from a given technology PROCESSES The Convergence: telecommunications and computers ... The QUESTION: scope and scale PRODUCT Source: von Tunzelmann (1999)) PRODUCTS

  12. information technologies materials biotechnologies energy information technologies Telematics Automation Computers Semiconductors Superconductors Biosensors Biochips Photovoltaic applications materials Computer based design of new materials New alloys Ceramics and composits Bio-leaching Biological ore processing Power lasers biotechnologies Instrumental analysis of dna sequences Membranes Biocompatible materials Recombin. DNA New drugs Enzymatic Synthesis Batteries Pacemakers Artificial Heart energy Supervision of energy processes Robotics Security systems Photovoltaic materials Fuel cells Superconductors New energy biomass New reactors Nuclear fusion Emerging interactions...Source: BIPE to from

  13. The importance of Technology in corporate development • Case study: Innovation in Italy (Evangelista & Sirilli, 1997) The convergence of sectors is emerging, with the growing importance of technology in corporate development

  14. Technology replaces employment Industrial era I- Recession Economy without employment Services Demand Deficit Services Value creation Indústry Entrepreneurial economy Indústry Technology creates new industries and opportunities Agriculture Agriculture II- Growth The structure of the “new” economy Knowledge era

  15. THE ISSUE …1 The evidence: • “The major source of economic growth in developed countries has been science-based technology”, Kuznets (1966) • “The explosion in knowledge creation was concentrated in a few regions, and led to similarly concentrated distribution of income”, • World Bank (1999) • The most daunting problem is that of “spiritual inequality”, Fogel (1999)

  16. Regional diversity in Western Europe Fonte:Sixth Periodic Report DG XVI 1998

  17. THE ISSUE …2 • “With some notable exceptions, the regional developmment debate in Europe has been dominated by exogeneous models to such an extent that development tends to be conceived as something that is introduced to, or visited upon, less favoured regions, LFRs, from external doors… • …this kind of regional policy did little or nothing to stimulate localised learning, innovation and indigeneous development within LFRs”, • Henderson & Morgan (1999) A specific issue: EUROPEAN DIVERSITY

  18. Innovation in EU source: Community Innovation Survey, OCT-PT

  19. The ISSUE...concluding • The need to considerengineering research and teachingin a broader context, leading toinnovation: • Promoting value, by exploiting change • Understanding institutional development • Integrating systems of competence building and social cohesion • OUR GOAL: to discuss the emergence of a university agenda on engineering policy and the management of technology

  20. advanced education and research in engineering policy and management of technology... Which specific driving forces? • Productivity • The knowledge-based industries • Resouces • Scale vs intensity • Industrial structure • Institutional development • The regional dimension • Sustainable development • Social capital for the inclusive development

  21. advanced education and research in engineering policy and management of technology... Which relevant topics? • Advanced Research Methods for decision support and policy analisis • Management of technology and innovation • Organizational design and institutional development • Technology policy (environment; industrial; communications)

  22. 1. Productivity

  23. 2. Knowledge-based industries OECD(2000) Average annual real value added growth of knowledge based industries (1985 share year) Share in business sector value added in knowledge business industries (share year 1996)

  24. 3. RESOURCES Expenditure by Manufacturing Firms on Innovation

  25. 0,1 France Netherlands 0,075 Germany Denmark Finland Poland Norway US Japan Public R&D Expenditures per capita Korea Canada UK 0,05 France UK US Netherlands Canada Germany Czech Rep Finland Denmark Ireland 0,025 Japan Norway Sweden Spain Portugal Ireland Sweden Belgium New Zealand Hungary Spain Portugal Mexico Turkey 0 0 0,125 0,25 0,375 0,5 Private R&D Expenditures per capita Perspectives for “change”: Public vs private R&D expenditures FR D JP USA UK P97 P95 ES SE IR P81

  26. 4. Scale vs Intensity R&D Expenditure (OECD)

  27. Portugal 35 30 25 40 35 30 20 25 20 15 15 10 10 5 0 1983 1987 1991 1995 5 0 1983 1987 1991 1995 YEAR YEAR Food, beverages & tobacco Textiles, apparel & leather Wood products & furniture Paper, paper products & printing Chemical products Non-metallic mineral products Basic metal industries Fabricated metal products Other manufacturing, nec 5. THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE EU-13

  28. 5. Industrial structure:Dynamics

  29. 6. Institutional Development Market Regulation and Employment Protection Nicoletti, Scarpetta & Boylaud; OECD (2000)

  30. 7. The regional dimension:technology and innovation gap • 1. Input:HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES • 2.output:SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITIES • 3. determining factors : • international cooperation • sme`s:support services • networks • FDI: integration in local economies • transports, communications, energy infrastructures … BUT, ALSO, INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS

  31. 7. The regional dimension:technology and innovation gap …cont. Most development programmes stand on their ability to build “social capital”: a relational infrastructure for collective action • This requires a shift in development studies: • fromstate-ledor market-drivenprocesses, regardless time, space or milieu • to institutional perspective, lookingat the quality of institutional networks

  32. 7. The regional dimension:technology and innovation gap …cont. • INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS to mediate: • mediate information exchange • knowledge creation • capacity for collective action • potential for interactive learning • efficacy of voice mechanisms • Henderson & Morgan (1999)

  33. 9. Social capital for inclusive development OECD(2000)

  34. POLICY ISSUES • THE CONTEXT: • increase importance ofknowledge for development • THE CHALLENGE: • how to promote the learning society? Towards anAgenda for innovation and technology policy: 1. the framework: interactive nature of innovation 2. balancing innovation and diffusion 3. wetware/software interaction 4. the inclusive development 5. the institutional development

  35. … debate …challenges and opportunities for aUniversity Agenda on: Engineering Policy and the Management of Technology!

  36. Creation and distribution of knowledge Technological innovationand development Economic growth and development KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION • PROCESSES: complex and diversified • INVESTMENT: education; R&D; learning-by-doing • AGENTS: state, firms, universities, schools

  37. Perspectives for “change” Building the conceptual framework • …Systems of Innovation and Competence Building! • The notion of localised technological change: • a joint process of production, learning and communication • a fully endogenous, with strong interdependence between specialisation and diversification • important, but limited role of demand • based on mix of generic and tacit knowledge • The science base: ” …the aim of policy should be to create a broad and productive science base, closely linked to higher education…”, Pavitt (1998)

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