Chapter 7 Writing and Speaking

1. Chapter 7Writing and Speaking

2. Writing – Prepare 7-2 • Don’t be intimidated by the blank page, consider that it offers every possibility • Decide what you want to say • What will your topic be? • Use freewriting and/or brainstorming • Determine who your audience is, beyond your instructor • What is their level of knowledge on the topic?

3. Writing – Prepare 7-3 • Researching the topic • Keep track of your research using file folders and note cards • Assemble topical file folders to collect notes, articles and information • Use note cards with one main idea per card, in your own words or quoted • Put source information on each card

4. Writing – Prepare 7-4

5. Writing – Organize 7-5 • Construct an outline and be willing to change it • Write down possible subtopics, and then order them • Determine how to fill out the subtopics into a complete presentation of information

6. Writing – Organize 7-6 • Develop the paper’s structure • ABBCC structure • Argument or thesis of paper • Background of topic • Body • Counterarguments • Conclusion

7. Writing – Work 7-7 • Writing the actual paper becomes easier if the previous steps are followed • Research notes will help explain ideas along the way, and the outline will provide major headings • Spread out the number of pages to write over many days

8. Writing – Work 7-8 • Writing the first draft • It becomes easier as you get into it • Start wherever you like • Turn off the inner critic • Get into a rhythm and go with it before stopping to edit • Change your outline, if needed • Use your own writing “voice”

9. Writing – Work 7-9 • Revising your draft • Now is the time to turn on your inner critic • Read your writing out loud • Ask broad questions about your paper • Be ruthless in deleting, rewriting and changing your paper

10. Writing – Work 7-10 • Revising your draft, continued • Check punctuation and spelling • Ensure that your quotes and information are cited correctly • Make it pleasing to the eye • Formatting is important! • Quality of appearance should match the quality of the writing

11. Writing – Evaluate 7-11 • Critique your paper • Does it accomplish what you set out to do? • Does it fit the requirements of the assignment? • Check the mechanical aspects of the paper • Have someone else read it before you submit it

12. Writing – Rethink 7-12 • Rethink the message • Does your writing convey what you want it to convey? • Rethink the mechanics • Look at your writing style again to ensure your grammar, punctuation, citations and formatting are all as they should be • Rethink the method • How well did your process work? • What can you do differently next time to improve the method?

13. Academic Honesty and Plagiarism 7-13 • No greater academic sin than plagiarism • Penalties for plagiarism are severe • Plagiarism is usually detected • Plagiarism is wrong – don’t do it!

14. Academic Honesty and Plagiarism 7-14 • Avoiding plagiarism • Always note your sources • Don’t use a single source • When using something word-for-word, quote and cite it, even in your notes • Be careful when paraphrasing to not just change a few words, but completely rewrite the passage in your own words • Always cite passages you have paraphrased

15. Speaking Your Mind 7-15 • Most people are more afraid of public speaking than dying • Remember the audience is sympathetic • Being nervous is normal • It gets easier once you start • Practice helps

16. Speaking Your Mind 7-16 • Prepare • Consider your audience and prepare what you will say and when you will say it • Organize • Use note cards with main ideas • Work • Speak clearly and calmly while avoiding distracting mannerisms • Evaluate • Consider your performance and ask others for their input • Rethink • Consider your whole approach to your speech and what changes you need to make for next time

17. Public Speaking 7-17 • The first minute counts! • Begin with anecdotes, quotes, make your audience curious, use humor • Provide oral transition points • “To sum up…” • Use your notes well • Become very comfortable with what they say • Memorize only your opening and closing. Use your outline or note cards for the rest • Use visual aids

18. Public Speaking 7-18 • How you practice is as important as how much you practice • Practice in front of a friend or classmate • Get through your speech well at least twice in front of someone else • Fight stage fright • Wear comfortable clothing that gives you confidence • Breathe slowly and calmly a few minutes before you are to speak • Visualize yourself giving a great speech! • Monitor nonverbal behavior • Stand up straight and tall • Look directly at your audience

19. Impromptu Speaking 7-19 • Know the PREP formula • Point of view • Share your point of view on the topic • Reasons • Share main reasons why your position is correct • Evidence of examples • Give specific evidence to support your point of view • Point of view, restated • Restate your point of view