Sykes-Picot Agreement Founded by Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and George Picot of France.

1. Sykes-Picot AgreementFounded by Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and George Picot of France. • Finalized in May 1916 during WWI • A plan of how France, Britain, and Russia would divide the Middle East • France had control of five areas • Britain had control of six • Russia was cut out after Russian Revolution in 1917

2. Zones • France: Armenia, Syria, Lebanon, parts of Central Turkey, and Northern Iraq • Britain: Southern Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, North coast of Saudi Arabia, and Hafia • Some of these areas were in the agreement, but they were independent Arab states • International zones were open to everyone

3. Balfour Agreement • First sign of favor to Jews after WWI • Written on Nov.2,1917 by Authur James Balfour • Was a letter requesting if Jews can call Palestine home • Letter was sent to Leader of Jewish community in Britain • British cabinet made it possible for Jews to call Palestine home

4. UN Resolution 181 They called for a British-ruled Palestine Mandate into a Jewish state an Arab state • For it to be approved on Nov.29,1947 the votes would have to be 33 in favor, 13 against, 10 abstentions, and 1 absent • Against: 13 Afghanistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen.

5. Feb. 1,1948 Jewish state & facilities for substantial immigrants evacuated Armed forces of mandatory power are withdrawn from Palestine Aug.1,1948 Palestine evacuated & start formation of Jewish & Arab state The plan was good but it didn’t stay that way because today the Gaza Strip and the West Bank don’t even touch each other Jerusalem was not suppose to be controlled by anyone but today the Israelis control most of it

6. The States/Territories • A Jewish State covering 56.47% of Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jerusalem) with a population of 498,000 Jews and 325,000 Arabs; • An Arab State covering 43.53% of Palestine, with 807,000 Arab inhabitants and 10,000 Jewish inhabitants; • An international trusteeship regime in Jerusalem, where the population was 100,000 Jews and 105,000 Arabs.

7. Israeli War of Independence1948 • The First Arab- Israeli War • started day after Israel gained its independence • Israel’s declaration of Independence: May 14, 1948 • First day of War: May 15, 1948 • The first month: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria attacked, few Israeli forces kept Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan out of Tel Aviv (Capture of Tel Aviv splits Jerusalem off of Israel) • June: U.N. declares cease fire Israel gets supplies from Soviet-controlled sources. ( Stalin wanted Israel so he could be a pest to the British.) • July: Fighting resumes Israelis fought back Egypt and Iraq Jerusalem and the Western Wall held by Jordan. Jerusalem’s lifeline to the coast was jeopardized. Gaza held by Egypt Golan Heights held by Syria

8. Results of the War • Israel’s costliest war • 6,000 or more Israelis killed • 30,000 Israelis wounded • All this out of only a population of 780,000 people

9. Remaining Conflict • At end of war, Palestinians left without any land Huge Palestinian refugee problem • Jordanian control over West Bank almost cut Israel in half Israel is only 10 miles wide at narrowest point • Easy bombing opportunities for Syria b/c of their control over Golan Heights • Chance of Egyptians blocking Sinai desert border Would cut off Israel from Red Sea port: Eilat Would lead to no exports or imports

10. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

11. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) - Founded in 1964 to give voice the Palestinians refugees from Lebanese camps - A Palestinian organization with the goal of getting land back from Israel • Supports terrorist activities Umbrella organization to groups like: -Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine -Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine: General Coming - Al-Fatah

12. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) • Early 70’s was highly involved with terrorism attacks, but in the late 70’s under international pressure they had to restrict attacks. • First leader was Yassir Arafat (1929–2004) he took control of the PLO in 1969 • Arafat founded Al-Fatah 1959 • Current leader Muhammand Abbas

13. The 6 Day War • War between Israel and Arab countries (Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan) • The 3rd major Arab-Israeli conflict • Began June 5, 1967 • Stemmed from Egypt’s decision to expel United Nation troops from Sinai Peninsula

14. Pre War • Arab-Israeli conflict starts when Israel became nation • 1965; 37 terrorists attacks were held on Israel • 1967; Egypt closed off straits of Tiran and cut off oil supply to Israel from Asia • Israel wanted to have a peace agreement, but attacked Egypt only because they felt Egypt had a plan to attack them first

15. 6 Day War • Involved 3 different battlefronts • Egyptian Front • Syrian Front • Jordanian Front • Israel used it’s air superiority to wipe out Arab countries air force so they gained an advantage in the land battle • Ended by Israel gaining Gaza Strip/West Bank (Palestinians) • West Bank (Jordan) • Golan Heights (Syria) • Sinai Peninsula (Egypt)

16. Maps 6 day War Cease Fire- 6 day War

17. Palestinian Refugees • 1948 creation of Israel • Palestinians were kicked out or displaced in West Bank, Gaza, Jordan Syria, and more place • 1950’s a conditional offer was make for people to go back later did not go though • War of 1960 made more people move a total of 5 million people • After the war 77.94% of Palestine fallen under Israel control and 84.13% of Jerusalem to. 85% became Israeli, 7.2% Palestinians Camp in West Bank Map on third slide

18. December 11, 1948 United General Assembly adopted resolution 194 • This recognized the right to go back home and land with receiving compensation. • In the 1950’s United Nations made UNRWA • (United Nations Relief and Work Agency) this was to help the displaced people. They and Israel have set up agreements that are not always fallowed • 2002 Israel destroyed camp Jenin ( west bank) after United Nations say that could not interfere with a camp in Gaza

19. Maps and pictures

20. The Camp David Accords Treaty signed by Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin Signed September 17, 1978 in Camp David, Maryland Jimmy Carter witnessed the signing It took 12 days to come up with the accord The first Israeli-Arab peace deal Ended 30-year war Negotiation for West Bank and Gaza Strip Anwar al-Sadat was shot by Egyptians because they didn’t like the deal

21. The Camp David Accords • Made up of two parts: • Gave the Sinai Peninsula back and peace between Israel and Egypt 2. Negotiate West Bank and Gaza Strip • Agree that military govt. and civilian • administration be withdrawn from • West Bank and Gaza Strip • PLO (Pakistan) and Egypt rejected the accords and made Oslo Accord – signed by PLO and Israel

22. Oslo Accords • Included the PLO and the Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat and the Israeli Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin • Had a face-to-face agreement in Washington, D.C. with Bill Clinton. • Leaders’ first agreement. • Some people did not like the Oslo Accords

23. What Did the Accords Say? Israeli forces were to leave areas in the Gaza Strip and West Bank Religious freedom for all of the people in Jerusalem Security along the borders and checkpoints remains in the Israeli forces hands The Palestinians would be responsible for their own affairs (no help from Israeli forces) No Israeli forces during elections for the Palestinian government Did The Accords Fail or Succeed? Failed because of the unbalances of power Israel was more developed and Palestine was less structured Lack of stability in political leadership on both sides through the years After the Failure of the Accords 1993-Foreign Minister challenged them, saying that they threatened to land a rocket in Ashkelon Since then rockets had been falling down all the time 1,500 killed from the rockets and 10,000 hurt from suicide bombs and shootings More terrorists attacks than before the Accords were signed Oslo Accords

24. The Likud Party • Created by a merger of the Herut party and the Liberal Party • A political party in Israel • Centre/ right winged party • Founded= 1973 • Won its 1st election 1977(First time left winged party lost) • Liberal/ capitalist/ conservative • Wanted to reduce taxes • Ariel Sharon from this party started the disengagement plan • Current leader of the party: Benjamin Netanyahu

25. The Disengagement Plan • The Israeli evacuation of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank • Includes military evacuation • Only part not evacuated by military: “Philadelphi Route” (border between Egypt and Israel • Israel builds anti-terrorist security fence • Israel controls borders/ all air space • Will destroy Israeli buildings • Feb. 16 final version of plan passed • 884 million U.S. dollars given to pay for relocation of 9,000 jews living in gaza strip and west bank • Israelis didn’t want to leave (protested) • Chance for a Palestinian country

26. Israeli Security Fence • Also known as the Israeli West Bank barrier • Purpose of construction is to stop Palestinian terrorists from harming Israelis • Construction began in 2002, and is still unfinished (3/4 completed) , projected finish date is sometime in 2010 • The length is 670 kilometers (420 miles) • The wall consists of a concrete base and has a height of 8 meters • It is located mainly within the West Bank, partly along the 1949 Armistice line, or "Green Line" between Israel and Jordan

27. Israeli Security Fence • The wall has cause much controversy with the Israeli and Palestinian people • Hundreds of Palestinian farmers and traders are cut off from their land • Two similar barriers, the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and the Israeli-built 40-foot (12 m) wall separating Gaza from Egypt • Israeli people heavily favor the construction of the wall • Palestinians believe the wall will cause reduced freedoms, reduction of Israeli checkpoint and closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in accessing medical services in Israel, restricted access to water sources, change in political tactics and strategy, and economic effects.

28. Location: Locations are southern Beirut, southern Lebanon, and Bekaa Valley Hezbollah By: Alex Wiley Leader: Hasan Nasrallah

29. Anti-Western and anti-Israeli One terrorist act was 1985 hijacking of TWA flight 847 The End Four Main Ways of Operating Against Israel 1: Bringing terrorists and collaborators through the border using foreign documents 2: Setting up a terrorist organization inside Israel and Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip 3: Cross-border operations- smuggling weapons and terrorists 4: Financial support for Palestinian organizations and groups Dedicated to liberating Jerusalem and eliminating Israel Began establishing base in Lebanon in 1982 Declared themselves the “Party of God” Founding statement has a section called “The Necessity for the Destruction of Israel” Founded after military seizure of Lebanon in 1982 Want the removal of all non-Islamic influences from the area Imad Fayez Mugniyah is the terrorism planner Base is in Lebanon’s Shi’ite dominate areas Group’s highest governing body, Majilis al-Shura, is led by Secretary General Hasan Nasrallah Has been a major weapon supplier for Hamas July 2006 raid on a order post kidnapping two Israeli soldiers Receives aid from Iran and Syria

30. THEY ARE: Terrorist Group Palestinian Militant Movement Current Leader- Mahmoud Al-Zahar In late 1987’s founded by: Sheikh Ahmed Yassin Mohammed Taha Hamas in Arabic= “Zeal” or fighting spirit Where they attack- Palestinian Territories West Bank Gaza Strip Israel Goals Combine Palestinian Nationalism with Islamic Fundamentalism Destruction of Israel Want to create an Islamic State in West Bank and Gaza Strip Beliefs “Peace talks will do no good” “We do not believe we can live with the enemy.” Facts on Hamas

31. Good Things about them- (they are not only a terrorist group) They fund: Schools, orphanages, mosques, healthcare clinics, soup kitchens sports leagues Bad Things about them- Killed more than 500 people in 350 terrorist attacks since 1993 Bombed buses, streets, & buildings Attacks civilians Have wings devoted to these activities: Religious Military Political Security Picture shows teaching young children “Hamas ways” Map shows Hamas fire rockets on Gaza