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Basics of Small Scale Fading: Towards choice of PHY

Explore the impacts of transmit power, frequency, and speed on small scale fading. Understand the effects of different environments and receiver mobility. Review key concepts like channel impulse response and coherence bandwidth.

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Basics of Small Scale Fading: Towards choice of PHY

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  1. Basics of Small Scale Fading: Towards choice of PHY

  2. Basic Questions Transmit power, data rate, signal bandwidth, frequency tradeoff Channel effects Effect of mobility Tx • What will happen if the transmitter • changes transmit power ? • changes frequency ? • operates at higher speed ? What will happen if we conduct this experiment in different types of environments? Desert Metro Street Indoor Rx What will happen if the receiver moves?

  3. Review of basic concepts • Channel Impulse response • Power delay profile • Inter Symbol Interference • Coherence bandwidth • Coherence time

  4. Channel Impulse Response Channel

  5. Power delay Profile RMS Delay Spread () = 46.4 ns Mean Excess delay () = 45 ns Maximum Excess delay < 10 dB = 110 ns -90 -90 -95 Received Signal Level (dBm) -100 Noise threshold -105 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Excess Delay (ns)

  6. Example (Power delay profile) 4.38 µs 1.37 µs Pr() 0 dB -10 dB -20 dB -30 dB  0 1 2 5 (µs)

  7. RMS Delay Spread: Typical values Manhattan San Francisco Suburban Office building 2 SFO Office building 1 3m 15m 45m 150m 300m 600m 3Km 7.5Km Delay spread is a good measure of Multipath 10ns 50ns 150ns 500ns 1µs 2µs 5µs 10µs 25µs

  8. Inter Symbol Interference Symbol time 4.38 µs 1.37 µs Pr() 0 dB -10 dB -20 dB  -30 dB  0 1 2 5 (µs) 0 1 2 5 (µs) 4.38 Symbol time > 10*--- No equalization required Symbol time < 10*--- Equalization will be required to deal with ISI In the above example, symbol time should be more than 14µs to avoid ISI. This means that link speed must be less than 70Kbps (approx)

  9. Coherence Bandwidth Freq. domain view delay spread Range of freq over which response is flat Bc Time domain view High correlation of amplitude between two different freq. components

  10. RMS delay spread and coherence b/w For 0.9 correlation For 0.5 correlation • RMS delay spread and coherence b/w (Bc) are inversely proportional

  11. Time dispersive nature of channel signal 1 signal 2 Symbol Time (Ts) Signal bandwidth (Bs) channel 2 channel 3 Delay spread and coherence bandwidth are parameters which describe the time dispersive nature of the channel. Time domain view Freq domain view Signal channel 1 Channel Coherence b/w (Bc) RMS delay spread ()

  12. Revisit Example (Power delay profile) 4.38 µs 1.37 µs Pr() 0 dB -10 dB -20 dB -30 dB  0 1 2 5 (µs) Signal bandwidth for Analog Cellular = 30 KHz Signal bandwidth for GSM = 200 KHz

  13. Doppler Shift  v Doppler shift • Example • Carrier frequency fc= 1850 MHz (i.e.  = 16.2 cm) • Vehicle speed v = 60 mph = 26.82 m/s • If the vehicle is moving directly towards the transmitter • If the vehicle is moving perpendicular to the angle of arrival of the transmitted signal

  14. Coherence Time fc+fd fc-fd Tc Coherence Time: Time interval over which channel impulse responses are highly correlated Time domain view Frequency domain view signal bandwidth symbol time

  15. Doppler spread and coherence time Rule of thumb For 0.5 correlation • Doppler spread and coherence time (Tc) are inversely proportional fmis the max doppler shift

  16. Time varying nature of channel Doppler spread and coherence time are parameters which describe the time varying nature of the channel. Time domain view Freq domain view signal 1 Signal signal 2 Symbol Time (TS) Signal bandwidth (BS) channel 1 Channel channel 2 channel 3 Doppler spread (BD) Coherence Time (TC)

  17. Small scale fading BS Flat fading BC BS Frequency selective fading BC TS Fast fading TC TS Slow fading TC Multi path time delay fading Doppler spread

  18. PHY Layer Design Choices ? • Required Data Rates • Determines channel : frequency selective or flat fading; fast or slow fading • Required QoS at the PHY: bit-error-rate (BER), packet-error-rate (PER), Frame-error-rate (FER) • May be determined by application needs (higher layers) • Affected by Interference and Noise levels • PHY layer choices include selection of • Modulation/Demodulation • Techniques to mitigate fading: diversity, equalization, OFDM, MIMO • Techniques to mitigate interference (if necessary) • Error correction Coding

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