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Theme: “Methods of exposure of dental deposits. Indexes of hygiene”

Theme: “Methods of exposure of dental deposits. Indexes of hygiene”. Hygienical indexes.

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Theme: “Methods of exposure of dental deposits. Indexes of hygiene”

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  1. Theme: “Methods of exposure of dental deposits. Indexes of hygiene”

  2. Hygienical indexes • The estimation of the hygienical state of cavity of mouth is carried out by methods which in literature got the name of indexes. All is described more than 80 indexes. All of them in that or other degree represent the dynamics of microflora of cavity of mouth and state of fabrics of paradontium. • For the exposure of dental raid, dental tartar and estimation of hygiene of cavity of mouth, and also efficiency of hygienical measures of surface of the explored teeth is dyed by Lugol’s solutions, methylene dark blue, fucsin and other, and then calculate the special indexes which represent, amount and quality of dental deposits. • For the estimation of the hygienical state of mouth cavity use indexes which de bene esse can be divided into 4 groups: 1st — (indexes which estimate the area of dental raid; 2nd — (indexes which estimate the thickness of dental raid; 3d — (indexes which estimate mass of dental raid; 4th — (indexes, which estimate the chemical, microbiological parameters of dental raid physical.

  3. Fedorova’s and Volodkin’s index • Fedorova’s and Volodkin’s index (1971) is determined by painting labial surfaces of lower six frontal teeth by solutions which contain an iodine. • A quantitative estimation is carried out after the five ball system: • 5 marks — colouring of all surface of crown of the tooth; • 4 marks — colouring of 3/4 surfaces; • From marks — colouring of 1/2 surfaces; • 2 marks — colouring of 1/4 surfaces; • 1 mark is absence of colouring of all teeth.  • The values of index determine after a formula: • HI=Y/6, • where Y is sum of values of index. • A hygienical index is estimated thus: • 1,1-1,5 mark is good; • 1,6-2,0 mark is satisfactory; • 2,1-2,5 mark is unsatisfactory; • 2,6-3,4 mark is bad; • 3,5-5,0 marks is very bad. • The high-quality estimation of the state of hygiene can be conducted after that formula, that and painting, but from  by the use of the three-point system: • From marks — intensive colouring of all surface of tooth; • 2 marks — weak colouring; • 1 mark is absence of colouring.

  4. Modification  Fedorova’s and Volodkin’s index •  The presence of dental raid is estimated on 16 teeth of overhead and lower jaws. Sum of the marks got at research of every tooth, divide by the amount of teeth (16). • Estimation of results • a good hygiene is 1,1—1,5 marks; • satisfactory — 1,6—2,0 marks; • unsatisfactory — 2,1—2,5 marks; • bad — 2,6— 3,4 marks; •  very bad — 3,5— 5,0 marks.

  5. Green’s—Vermillion’s index (1964)The index of hygiene of mouth cavity is simplified • For determination of the simplified index of hygiene of mouth cavity dye vestibular surfaces • 16, 11, 26, 31 and tongues surfaces 36 and 46 teeth by Shiller’s – Pisarev’s solution or other iodine solution. On the explored surfaces at first determine the dental deposit — Debris – index (DI) and then dental tartar — Calculus – index (CI)

  6. Formula for the calculation:OHI-S = ΣDD/n + ΣDT/n where Σ it is sum of values, DD—dental deposit, DT—dental tartar,  n is amount of the inspected teeth (6).

  7. Silness’s—Loe’s index •     He takes into account the thickness of dental name-plate in a near neck area. At determination of this index of colouring of dental raid does not carry out. His thickness is determined by a probe on four surfaces of tooth: vestibular, tongue and both pin. • Inspect 6 teeth: 14, 11, 26, 34, 31, 46. • Criteria of estimation: • Oh is the deposit near the neck of tooth does not appear by a probe; • 1 the deposit by sight is not noticeable but on the tag of probe if to them to conduct near the neck of tooth, evidently ball of deposit; • 2 the deposit appears by sight; • 3 intensive laying of deposit on-the-spot of tooth and in dental intervals.

  8. Method of calculation: • ) For one tooth — add the values of index got at the inspection of different surfaces one tooth and divide on 4; • b) For the group of teeth is index it is possible for separate teeth (chisels, large and small cheek-teeth) to group with a purpose the receipt of hygienical index for the different groups of teeth; • c) For an individual — to add the value of index of teeth and divide into the amount of inspected teeth.

  9. Ramfjord’s hygienical index •    Serves for determination of dental name-plate on a cheek, tongue and contact surfaces of six teeth: 14, 11, 26, 34, 31,46. For colouring solution of brown bismark is used. • An estimation is conducted thus: •    0 – of dental name-plate is not; •    1 – dental name-plate is on some (but not on all) tongues, cheeks and contact surfaces; •    2 – dental name-plate on all aproximal, cheeks and tongues surfaces, but covers no more ½ surfaces of tooth; •    3 – dental name-plate on all aproximal, cheeks and tongues surfaces and covers  more than ½ surfaces of tooth. • An index is determined by the division by the sums of marks on the amount of the inspected teeth.

  10. The Lange’s index of dental deposit is simplified on aproximal surfaces (API) • After painting of deposit, estimate its presence (in the form of answer « yes / no ») on aproximal surfaces. Removing the deposit on these areas requires the especially careful implementation of hygienical measures from a patient. That is why estimating the stay of dental deposit on aproximal surfaces it is possible to define the level of implementation by the patient of hygienical measures and, consequently, degree of his collaboration with a doctor which treats. The estimation of dental deposit on aproximal areas on the index of API is conducted on the oral surfaces of the first and third quadrants and vestibular surfaces of the second and fourth quadrants. • Formula for a calculation: • API= (Sum of positive results of determination of dental deposit/ Sum of determinations is on aproximal areas) x 100

  11. The values of index of API estimate thus: • API<25% is the optimum level of hygiene of cavity of mouth; • API=25-39% is the sufficient level of hygiene of cavity of mouth; • ÀÐI=40-69% is the satisfactory hygienical state of cavity of mouth; • ÀÐI=70-100% is the unsatisfactory hygienical state of cavity of mouth. • Value of API less 35% testifies to active voice in the medical measures of patient.

  12. Axelsson’s index of speed of formation of dental deposit (PFRI) • The index of PFRI is intended for the quantitative estimation of terms and factors which influence on formation of dental deposit. Together with the use of other tests of application of this index allows estimate authenticity of origin of caries at individuals. Speed of formation of dental deposit depends on the followings factors: • - common amount of microorganisms in the cavity of mouth; • - composition of microflora of cavity of mouth; • - amounts and frequencies of adopting carbohydrates; • - speeds of selection of saliva and state of saliva; • - application facilities with contains calcium and fluorine; • - anatomic features of surfaces of teeth, stopping and prosthetic appliances. • Speed of formation of dental raid is determined on six areas of every tooth in 24 hours after the professional cleaning of teeth. The deposit is painted out and is discovered on six surfaces of tooth: medial – cheek, medial – tongue, cheek, tongue, distal – buccal, distal – tongue.

  13. Formula for a calculation:PFRI = (Sum of positive results of determination of dental deposit/ Amount of teeth) x 6 • In an index PFRI distinguishes 5 degrees: •  PRFI<10% is a 1 degree; •  PRFI 11 -20% it is 2 degrees; •  PRFI 21-30% - 3 degrees; •  PRFI 31-40% - 4 degrees; •  PRFI>40% is a 5 degree.

  14.  Presence 3, 4 and to a 5 degree specifies on enhanceable authenticity of origin of caries. • Together with   the use of PFRI, the complete estimation of authenticity of origin of caries is carried out taking into account such factors: • - speeds of saliva selection; • - amounts in saliva of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus; • - level of hygiene of cavity of mouth; • - to the state of buffer properties of saliva; • - frequencies of the use of carious pastries wares; • - amounts of the stopped carious cavities; • - prevalence and degree of defeat by the caries of surfaces of teeth.

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