Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3

Exploring Mendelian Genetics11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” provide plan depends environmental

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ choices MORE than 2 MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT B O A

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color MORE THAN ONE GENE POLYGENIC TRAIT http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought MORE than ONE gene Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____“___________” phenotypes many in-between There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between whole range http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant masks recessive __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ?____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Recessive returns 3:1 F2 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE __________ expected _____ ratio in F2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait 3:1 Heterozygous BLENDED Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

CO-DOMINANCE BOTH SAME TIME NO BLENDING _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote ROAN A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH RED WHITE

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A alleleAND a B allele have blood type AB

REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ sugars GLYCOPROTEINS http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices= _________________________ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____ ____ ____ A B O

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B”glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES A A B B O AB

B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD A and AB see Aas “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD B and AB see Bas “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

DONORBLOOD O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD Only AB sees ABas “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

AB can only GIVE to ABBUT . . . AB ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh+ Rh-

OTHER BLOOD TYPES NO PROBLEMS ____________________ IF: MOM is _____& BABY is ____ Rh+ Rh+ MOM is _____& BABY is _____ Rh+ Rh- Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif

PROBLEM Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Rh- Rh+ 1st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif

http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ Sex chromosomes Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________ All other chromosomes = _________________ autosomes Humans have two sex chromosomes and _____ autosomes y X 44

SEX DETERMINATION female XX = male Xy =

X X Who decides? X X X X X Mom can give X Dad can give X or y X y X y y Dad SO ____ determines sex of the baby. If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

HEMOPHILIA Blood clotting proteins on X CAUSE: Mutation in genes for __________________ carried ______ chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when injured; can ________________ from minor cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps. bleed to death

HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ____________ of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding _____________ in ______ because it is X-linked, but females with ______ recessive hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. 1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia injections More common males TWO

COLORBLINDNESS Color vision CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ carried on X chromosome Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. _________________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 1 in 10 males 1 in 100 females Red-green http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306.php

DEFECTIVE NORMAL Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the disorder They are normal Or

DEFECTIVE NORMAL DEFECTIVE FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES Females have one normalgene that works. Females __________defective recessive alleles to show the disorder need 2

The X chromosome in males . . . flies WITHOUT a copilot! . . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

Xb Xb X-linked cross XBXb XB XBXb Dad is not colorblind Mom is colorblind Xby Xby y What is the probability of having acolorblind boy? What is the probability of having a colorblind girl? All boys will be colorblind No girls will be colorblind

Girls with this genotype: XBXb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT. . . . They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves is called a _____________ doesn’t http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html CARRIER

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information

Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9-12.L.2.1A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3