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Japan's Historical Occupational Structures

Japan's Historical Occupational Structures. Osamu Saito and Tokihiko Settsu (Hitotsubashi University) 3 July 2009. INCHOS.

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Japan's Historical Occupational Structures

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  1. Japan's Historical Occupational Structures Osamu Saito and Tokihiko Settsu (Hitotsubashi University) 3 July 2009

  2. INCHOS • The international network for the comparative history of occupational structure (INCHOS) was launched in late 2007 by Dr Leigh Shaw-Taylor (HPSS, University of Cambridge) and Professor Osamu Saito (Hitotsubashi University). • This followed on from a session at IEHA’s Helsinki meeting in 2006 and a very successful workshop on occupational structure hosted by Hi-Stat at Hitotsubashi University in September 2007.

  3. The aim of INCHOS • To develop a genuinely comparative history of occupational structure by using a common occupational coding system and common methodologies to ensure commensurable results. • Our interest is not in a particular period but on the long-run process of industrialization which means that the focus is on different time periods in different countries.

  4. INCHOS 2009 • Conference in Cambridge: King’s College, 28-31 July • Countries covered: England; Belgium; Germany; France; The Netherlands; Italy; Spain; Bulgaria; Japan; Taiwan; India; Indonesia; Russia; Sweden

  5. An initial set of issues • Coverage: census and pre-census periods • Classification problems: PST system Primary Secondary, including mining Tertiary Problem of ‘labourers’ in early censuses

  6. Con’d • Female employment Pre-census data: e.g. baptismal register Censuses: changes in ways in which female and child labour was recorded • By-employment Individual When principal employment only, industrial and other forms of non-farm employment may be understated Household

  7. Some broader issues • England’s early modern and modern growth Manufacturing employment grew in early modern times more substantially than in the classic industrial revolution • Tertiary sector England: its growth more striking than that of secondary employment during the classic industrial revolution Belgium: a similar growth pattern now emerging from new estimates

  8. Con’d • By-employment Implications for sectoral labour productivity growth Sectoral gaps in earlier phases may well have been smaller than previously thought • Institutional factors: India’s caste system could be associated with a greater division of labour in the Smithian sense but acted as an obstacle to further divisions between intermediate and finished products

  9. Our paper • Focus on by-employment Farm family by-employment widespread in the latter half of the Tokugawa period. The pattern could be inverse-U shaped. • National income estimates When the existence of subsidiary workers is taken into account, to what extent will the existing national income estimates be affected? • And patterns of sectoral productivity gaps?

  10. A tentative attempt: with earlier LTES data and coefficients derived from 1879 Yamanashi cross-tabulations

  11. Assumptions 1870s Primary L(P)*0.82+0.5*(L(P)*0.18+(L(S)*0.38+L(T)*0.02) Secondary L(S)*0.61+0.5*(L(S)*0.39+L(P)*0.11+L(T)*0.01) Tertiary L(T)*0.97+0.5*(L(T)*0.03+L(P)*0.07+L(S)*0.01) 1925 Primary L(P)*0.9+0.5*(L(P)*0.1) Secondary L(S)+0.5*(L(P)*0.0667) Tertiary L(T)+0.5*(L(P)*0.0333)

  12. By-employment and proportion primary: pooled district-level data in 1879 and 1925

  13. Estimates of principal-equivalent gainful workers in PST sectors • Tertiary: Settsu estimates • Secondary: Will see if the same model works For this sector, net output readily available • Primary: as residual

  14. Actual paths in sectoral productivity growth • The initial gaps in labour productivity between ST and P • Did the ST-P gaps increase or decline over the entire prewar period?

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