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Physiological Factors Affecting Performance. Body stature Environmental considerations and performance Nutrition and physical performance during, pre event & post event. Body Stature and Composition. Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres (Red) Slow contraction, long lasting & rely on O2
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Physiological Factors Affecting Performance Body stature Environmental considerations and performance Nutrition and physical performance during, pre event & post event
Body Stature and Composition • Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres (Red) • Slow contraction, long lasting & rely on O2 • Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres (White) • Fast contracting & short lasting • Somatype • Endomorph: high body fat round shape Suits sports that are: Short burst power activities – shot put • Mesomorph: high muscle lean body shape Suits sports that are: Speed and power activities – 100m • Ectomorph: low body fat low muscle Suits sports that are: Endurance activities - marathon
Gender Differences • Stature and Physique • Males have more muscle, blood volume, heart volume, greater limb length/torso. • Aerobic Capacity • VO2 Max is 15-20% lower in trained females compared with males. Easier to move a male body because it has less fat and more muscle. • Muscular Strength • Men have larger muscles therefore more speed and strength = more power. • Biomechanical Differences • Women have less knee flexion than men causing more pressure on the knee join at impact and greater risk of knee injury.
Gender Differences • Skeletal Structure, Hips and Femur Angle • The female pelvis is wider. This results in the femur angle being larger which influences the mechanics of the legs. • Thermoregulation • Females sweat less than men do. But is not thought to be a disadvantage. • Menstruation • No significant impact on training and performance. Menstrual disorders are common in female athletes which can lead to poor bone density. • Genetics predisposes us to being more suited to some activities than others. Look at the table on page 141 in the blue book.
Environmental Considerations • Heat • The evaporation of water of the skin is what cools the skin. If it is really humid this does not happen. • Heat disorders are best prevented by adequate water replacement, acclimatisation to heat, clothing & environment. • Timing training and matches is important to consider. • Cold • Hypothermia is most common in aquatics activities, skiing and bushwalking. • The risk of dehydration is actually increased in cool air because it draws more moisture from the skin during exercise. • Muscle contractions decrease in cool weather.
Environmental Consideration • Altitude • At 5000ft the ability to perform work is affected. • VO2 Max reduces by 3-5% for every 300m above 1500m. • VO2 Max reduces by 60% at 7620m • Altitude sickness can be fatal.
Nutrition and Physical Performance • Diet • Athletes try to eat 65-70% carbohydrates and 12-15% protein. • Reduce fats • Water is essential. 75% in blood, 78% in muscle, 92% brain • Pre Event • High carbohydrate, moderate protein and low fat. • During Event • Events less than 1 hour water sufficent. • Competing over 1 hour or throughout a day fruit, sports bars and lollies are good. • Events over a number of days require additional CHO intake. High GI easily consumed and digested.
Nutrition and Physical Performance • Post Event • Must replace stores lost during event. • Need to be replaced quickly • First 2 hours high GI after this moderate GI every 2 hours • Hydration • A loss of 2% water will have significant impact on physical and mental performance. • Pre event – Include adequate water as part of diet. • During event – Drink evey 15-20 minutes. Take into account the weather conditions. • Post event – Replace all fluids lost during activity.
