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ENTO 305

Basic Wing Morphology. Costal margin. Major veins:CostaSubcostaRadiusMediaCubitusAnal. Wing folding and sclerites. Axillary membraneAxillary cordAnterior NWPPosterior NWPBasalareSubalare. Pal(a)eoptera (

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ENTO 305

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    1. ENTO 305 Wing regions, coupling, and modifications

    3. Wing folding and sclerites Axillary membrane Axillary cord Anterior NWP Posterior NWP Basalare Subalare

    4. Pal(a)eoptera (old wing)

    5. Palaeoptera: Dragonfly wing 2 large plates at base Anterior axillary plate = humeral plate, HP Posterior axillary plate, AxP Articulate with each other and with pleural wing process (ventrally) Wings not coupled; sometimes out of phase during flight NOTE fusion of sclerites restricts folding back of wings over abdomen

    6. Palaeoptera: Mayfly wing Lacks anterior (posterior?) axillary plate/sclerite Wings never folded over abdomen when at rest

    7. Neoptera (new wing)

    8. Axillary sclerite 1 Triangular in shape 2 main articulations 1:subcosta 2:scutum = ANWP Flexion

    9. Axillary sclerite 2 Irregular in shape Joins Mesal edge of Ax1 R+M veins Pivots on pleural wing process ventrally

    10. Axillary sclerite 3 Lies at posterior end of the axillary membrane Joins 3 anal veins Posterior Ax2 Helps in wing folding

    11. Median plates Anterior MP Posterior MP Oblique sulcus between MPs Major axis if folding

    12. Question Besides resting during flight, why is wing folding important? Protection (especially for things that crawl in constricted spaces) Evasion from predators finding a place for concealment

    13. Wing regions Claval furrow/fold Median flexion line Remigium Anal region Jugal lobe Alula Calypteres/calypters

    14. Claval furrow/fold

    16. Jugal lobe

    17. Diptera Alula Calypteres Upper Lower Halteres = hind wings (very reduced)

    18. Wing coupling - Hymenoptera Hamuli little hooks on anterior margin of hind wing Hymen = married + ptera = wing

    19. Wing coupling - Lepidoptera Jugal coupling primitive groups Hooks on leading edge of hind wing clasp onto enlarged jugal area of forewing Frenate coupling derived groups Long bristle (?) or bristles (?) or spine(s) (=frenulum) on leading edge of hind wing clasp(s) onto group of scales on forewing (=retinaculum) Amplexiform coupling some groups Enlarged humeral area (anterior, basal HW) overlaps with anal region of FW (costal margin of costal vein)

    20. Wing coupling - Lepidoptera

    21. Wing modifications Sclerotized forewings: Tegmina Orthoptera and Dermaptera Hemelytra Hemiptera/Heteroptera Elytra Coleoptera Wing reduction: Halteres (reduced HW) Diptera (FUNCTION?) Acts as gyroscope: balance during flight Apterous no wings Flies, Dermaptera, Thysanura, etc. Brachypterous shortened/reduced wings Gerrids, Orthoptera, etc.

    22. Tegmina - Orthoptera

    23. Hemelytra - Hemiptera

    24. Elytra - Coleoptera Possible functions: Important adaptational mechanisms Seal to protect spiracles (pleural and dorsal) Prevents dessication (water loss)

    25. Coleoptera hind wings Hind wings are the functional flight wings

    26. Elytra - Coleoptera

    27. Halteres - Diptera

    28. Small insects aptery/brachyptery

    29. Take-home question Very tiny insects can be macropterous, apterous, or brachypterous. Regardless of wing type, do you think they are more like aerial plankton that are blown around by the wind, or do they have directed flight?

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