1 / 53

Study Guide– Spanish Empire building

Study Guide– Spanish Empire building. Crusades & Crusading Mentality Tainos/Arawaks Bull Treaty of Tordesillas Bull Romanus Pontifex Vacuum Domicillum Encomienda Apalachee & Pope Revolt. Study Guide: Questions .

lotus
Download Presentation

Study Guide– Spanish Empire building

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Study Guide– Spanish Empire building Crusades & Crusading Mentality Tainos/Arawaks Bull Treaty of Tordesillas Bull Romanus Pontifex Vacuum Domicillum Encomienda Apalachee & Pope Revolt

  2. Study Guide: Questions • What Nation’s joined in the colonization of North America? How did they contribute to America’s National Heritage? • What were their motives? • What were their relations with the indigenous peoples? • What role did disease play in re-settlement of North America? • What ideologies justified subjugation and murder or first nation peoples? • Did nations differ in motives? Institutions of conquest and Ideology?

  3. Explorers, Conquerors, and “Saviors”: Spain’s Empire Building in the Americas

  4. Crusades & Crusading Mentality • 1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial interest • 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King • Muslim Contributions to Europe – Cordoba, Spain • Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning 600-700 years of struggle • Crusades – series of military campaigns waged by Christians • Land & Labor • Crusading Mentality • Valued war • Valued accumulated wealth • Sense of Religious superiority • Sense of Religious Mission

  5. Empire Building • 1452 – Bull Romanus Pontifex • Declared war against all non Christians, slavery and exploitation • Canary Islands 1400-1490s • extermination of Guanches • Crusades Mentality • Begin to identify expansion with conquest of peoples rather than trade • Led exploration over seas • formed the rationalization for conquest and invaders assumed an innate and absolute superiority over all other people because of divine endowment

  6. Columbus • Zinn Chapter 1 • Loewen Chapter 2 • Heroification • Motives • Impact on Taino/Arawak

  7. Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of Tordesillias 1494 1493 Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish “Sphere of Influence”

  8. Motives for Exploration • Search for Wealth • Gold, silver, raw materials • Search for All Water Route to Asia

  9. Basis for Conquest:European Legalisms • Vacuum Domicillum • Duty to civilize and convert people and land from “useless wilderness” to “Useful garden” in the name of god, the right to vacant land • Right of Conquest/Discovery • Right of Christians to take possession of lands not Christian by force of arms • Papal Bull • Charter, patent, decree by the Pope

  10. “Misunderstandings” • Sacrifice & ritual Cannibalism Vs. genocide • Ambiguous Christian/Moral Messages • War & its objectives • Gender – Matrilineal vs. Patriarchal • Invasion & “conquest” reordered the indigenous world fundamentally

  11. New World gets: Diseases: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis, small pox, measles, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, typhus Plants: mainly cultigens (weeds), citrus fruits, grapes, wheat Animals: pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats and rats New World gives: Diseases: syphilis (debated) Plants: corn, beans, squash, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco… Animals: turkey The “Exchange”

  12. Demographic Impact of Contact • 1492: 100-300 million people in western hemisphere • Epidemic Disease killed 65% - 100% of populations

  13. Institutions of Conquest • Enslavement & Exploitation • Presidio, pueblo, Missions, Encomiendas • Encomienda – • Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for labor • civilization and Christianization • uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations and public works

  14. New World Exploits: Andes • Inca Empire • 8-12 million people of Inca Empire • Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture, art… • Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent • 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco • Disease major factor in down fall

  15. Mayan City – Pre-Aztec

  16. New World Exploits: Meso-America • Aztec Empire • Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 • Montezuma held prisoner • Disease & Tlaxcalans

  17. Aztec Court

  18. Tenochtitlan

  19. Cortez meets with Monteczuma

  20. Cortez & Tlaxcalans

  21. New World Exploits: North America • South East (Today United States) • Panfilo de Narvaiz – 1528 – Tampa Bay, Fl • Apalachee killed 400 soldiers • Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca survived, spread rumors of “golden cities”

  22. New World Exploits: North America • South West (AZ & NM) • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1530s-1661 • Entered Zuni pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico • 1661 – Pope Revolt • 400 soldiers killed • Lived without Spanish interference until 1689

  23. Reading Questions • 1. What characterized Indigenous Societies Pre-contact? What generalizations can be reached? • 2. When comparing & contrasting European and indigenous values and life ways what problem arises in discussing the issues of “civilization” vs. Barbarism and “progress” vs. primitive or Backward?

  24. Reading Questions • 3. What developments allowed Europeans to re-settle the Americas? • 4. Why is it important to acknowledge these developments? • 5. What evidence is there for non-European exploration in the Americas pre-Columbus? Why is this important to acknowledge

  25. French, Dutch & English Re-settlement Challenge to Spain’s Empire Building

  26. Study Guide: French, Dutch & English • Reformation • French & Haudenosaunee • Dutch West India Co. & William Kieft • The Lost Colony • Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe • Starving Time • Opechancanough & the “Just War” • Pilgrims at Patuxet & Wampanoags • Puritans & Pequot's • Puritan Covenant & Pequot War • Reservations • King Phillip/Metacom’s War

  27. Western Europe • 1337-1453 England & France • One Hundred Years War • 1347-1351 • The Black Death – Bubonic Plague • 1/3 of Europe’s population

  28. European Society • Rigid Hierarchy • Monarchs • Aristocrats • Gentry • Peasants and laborers • Large Disparity of wealth = class struggle • Abuse of power by the Church

  29. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther 1517 • 95 Thesis • Sale of indulgences to finance St. Peters in Rome • Translated Bible into German • Direct Relationship with God

  30. 95 Thesis • Challenged power, wealth and Authority of the church • Challenged by emerging commercial class

  31. French Re-settlement • 1608 1st French settlement Quebec • Relations with the Haudenosaunee (1660s) & the Huron • Nation-to-nation basis • Friendship, cooperation, alliances, marriage and absorption

  32. Dutch & Swedish • Henry Hudson – 1609 • Claimed New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia for Netherlands • Established Dutch West India Co. • Mohicans & Pequot's key to expansion and fur trade • Friendly relations until no longer useful • Director & General William Kieft 1639 • Advocated extermination of Indians • Killed off Many Lenape, Mohicans, Esophus & others

  33. English Re-settlement • Sir Walter Raleigh – 1584-1587 • Roanoke Island (The Lost Colony) • Royal Charter to Virginia Co. 1606 • Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe • Pilgrims – 1620 • Plymouth (Patuxet), Massachusetts & Wampanoags • Massachusetts Bay Company & Colony (1630) • The Puritans, Massachusetts Bay & Pequot's

  34. Chief Powhatan • 1607 – Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey • 200 towns & villages – Agriculture, seafood, hunted & gathered

  35. Jamestown, Virginia • Motive – land & wealth • Virginia Co. of London • Preconceived notions of Savage • Indians impediment to progress • Starving Time – 1607 • ½ settlers dead • Saved by charity of Powhatan

  36. English Response • John Smith – 1608 • “Indian Problem” • Military solution • Powhatan • Stopped gifts of food • Population 60/500 • survived 2nd “Starving Time” • Relief ship 1610 saved colony

  37. Pocahontas “My Favorite Daughter” • 1612 kidnapped Matoaka – Powhatans 17 yr old daughter • Married John Rolf – mediator until death

  38. Resistance Effort • Opechancanough • Powhatan's brother and head of the Indian Confederation in 1618 • Resisted expansion and Exploitation • 1622 - 1/3 of colonists killed • John Smith • “It will be good for the plantation because now we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible”

  39. 1622

  40. Scorched Earth Campaign • 1622-1644 – “A Just War” • Enslaved • Take land • Poisoned 200 at a “peace conference” • War of extermination

  41. Genocide & Removal • “Peace” • Established boundaries • Indian scouts for Virginia Militia • Annual tribute of furs • 1715 forced removal of remaining tribes • Virginia lost 75% of native population

  42. Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay • 1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts • Mayflower compact • Viewed people of Pamet & Nauset – Satan’s children

  43. Massasoit's Treaty Governor Edward Winslow

  44. Indian relations • Massasoit “Big Chief” of Wampanoags and other tribes • Introduced fur trade • Major source of capital • Squanto – Patuxet Wampanoag • Assisted Pilgrims through “starving time” • 1621 – “Thanksgiving”

  45. Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company & Colony • Never endured a “Starving time” • By 1640 25,000 puritans out numbered Indians in the region • Puritan Covenant & “City Upon the Hill” • The chosen elect, outsider – insider mentality • God’s chosen, right to land = extermination Governor & Chief Executive John Winthrop

More Related