America Claims An Empire

1. America Claims An Empire Sec. 1-Imperialism and America Sec. 2-The Spanish-American War Sec. 3-Acquiring New Lands Sec. 4-America as a World Power

2. Imperialism and AmericaSection 1 • Imperialism – policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories • Motives • Economic • Military • Religion • Racial Superiority

3. Monroe Doctrine-1823 • The Western Hemisphere was closed to any further European colonization. • The U.S. would not interfere with any European colonies already established. • Any attempt by an European power to intervene in Western Hemisphere affairs would be interpreted as a threat to the U.S. • The U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs of an European country.

4. What is the Message?

5. Global Competition • European countries had been establishing colonies since the 1400’s all around the world. • Late 1900’s through the turn of the century they focus on competitions for Asian and African nations.

6. World Colonialization 1900

7. U.S. Motivation for Imperialism • Manifest Destiny- Idea that it is the fate of the U.S. to expand its boundaries from the East to West Coast. (By 1890 we had done that) • New Manifest Destiny- Idea that it is the fate of the U.S. to expand it boundaries beyond the seas American Progress by John Gast

8. 3 Factors that Fuel U.S. Imperialism • Desire for Military Strength • Adm. Alfred Mahan • Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783 • Build up Navy • Need Colonies (Hawaii, Caribbean Is., Canal) • Need for refueling stations and raw materials • Foreign Trade • Thirst for New Markets (Economic) • Too many workers, not enough work • Need places to sell our products • Belief in Cultural Superiority • Social Darwinism • Theory of Eugenics • White Man’s Burden

9. White Man’s Burden

10. The U.S. Acquires Alaska • William Seward – Sec. of State • Acquires Alaska in 1867 • Purchased from Russia for $7.2 Million • Known as “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” • Turned out to be an excellent investment. • Oil • Fish • Timber • Minerals like gold • Naval Bases • 1959 –Alaska becomes a state.

11. The U.S. Takes Hawaii • History of Hawaii and the U.S. • Cries for Annexation • Value of Pearl Harbor • The End of a Monarchy • King Kalakaua amends constitution to satisfy white sugar growers – limits voting rights to wealthy landowners • Queen Liliuokalani takes over and wants to restore Hawaii for Hawaiians. Landowners plot to remove her. • Growers plans a revolt and with the help of U.S. Marines remove Queen and place her under house arrest.

12. Sanford Dole is Named President of Hawaii

13. Annexation of Hawaii • President Cleveland directs the Queen to be restored but Dole refuses. • Recognized the Republic of Hawaii but will not annex unless the majority votes to do so. • William McKinley supported annexation and Congress proclaims it an American territory in 1898 with Hawaiians never voting to do so. • Hawaii becomes a state in 1959.

14. The Spanish-American WarSection 2 • 1868- Cubans rebel against Spanish rule and fought for 10 years but are defeated. Did abolish slavery. • Prosperity in Cuba due to sugar trade with U.S. and McKinley Tariff Act (1890)removes tariff on Cuban sugar • Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894) puts tariff on Cuban sugar and causes economic hard times, leading to a new revolt

15. 2nd War for Independence • José Martí – Launched the revolt in 1895 • See Key Player Box pg. 347 • Tactics used • Guerrilla Warfare • Scorched Earth Policy

16. Scorched Earth Policy • Cuban Rebels burn U.S. owned plantations in an attempt to receive American intervention • U.S. does not respond until Spanish start using harsh tactics against the rebels • General Weyler, a.k.a. “The Butcher” • Reconcentrado / Concentration Camps

17. General Valeriano Weyler • Reconcentrado Camps Conditions • Estimated 300,000 Cubans Interned • Unsanitary Conditions • Thousands died of hunger and disease. • http://chss.montclair.edu/witness/Reconcentrados.html

18. Causes of the Spanish American War • Harsh Tactics against the Cubans • Yellow Journalism • De Lôme Letter • U.S.S. Maine Explodes

19. Yellow Journalism • Sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers • Poisoned Wells • Children throw to sharks • Publishers of Yellow Journalism • William Randolph Hearst- New York Journal • “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the War.” • Joseph Pulitzer- New York World

20. The De Lôme Letter • Written by the Spanish Minister to the U.S. (De Lôme ) • Criticized Pres. McKinley • Called him “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd” • Major Insult that upset the American public.

21. U.S.S. Maine Explodes • Who: 260 (plus) U.S.S. Maine crew killed • What: Explodes and Sinks • Where: Havana Harbor, Cuba • When: February 15, 1898 • Why: Newspapers blame the Spanish

22. Public Reaction • Outrage against Spain • Hearst and Pulitzer fan the flames and call for war • Offers $50,000 Reward • “Remember the Maine” Battle Cry of Spanish American War • Captain Sigsbee • http://www.classzone.com

24. What Really Happened • 1976 Investigation concluded a massive internal blast had destroyed the ship. • Most likely cause was a spontaneous fire in a coal bunker that ignited a nearby supply of weapons. • Faulty design

25. War with Spain • Although the Spanish gave in to all demands the U.S. declared war April 20,1898. • Philippines Theater of War • 1st battle took place in Manila Bay • Commodore Dewey sailed into the bay and destroyed all the Spanish ships. • U.S. forces landed and joined with Filipino revolutionaries lead by Emilio Aguinaldo • Spain surrenders

26. War in the Caribbean • Naval Blockade of Cuba • Victory in Philippines and success of blockade show the superiority of the U.S. Navy. • U.S. Army is only a small professional force, with inexperienced volunteers • Lack of training • Lack of weapons • Lack of supplies • Wool Uniforms for a tropical climate • Lack of experienced leadership and old Civil War leaders were more interested in sitting around and talking about the old days.

27. Rough Riders • A volunteer cavalry unit commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt • Made up of men from all walks of life • Dramatic uphill charge at Kettle Hill led by the Rough Riders led to the more significant taking of San Juan Hill

28. Myths about the Rough Riders • Myth: They charged up the battlefield on horses as depicted in newspapers and pictures painted about the event. • Reality: Horses had been left in Florida. They were dismounted Cavalry. • (From the Painting by Frederic Remington.) • http://www.bartleby.com/51/10.html

29. Myths about the Rough Riders • Myth: Roosevelt lead the main charge up San Juan Hill. • Reality: He had led the charge up Kettle Hill and the Rough Riders had assisted in taking San Juan Hill. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/roughriders.htm

30. Roosevelt and the Rough Riders atop San Juan Heights, 1898 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill

31. Roosevelt Posthumously Awarded Medal of Honor • Though two Medal of Honor recipients who had witnessed Roosevelt's actions at Kettle and San Juan Hills (Generals Shafter and Wood) recommended the intrepid leader of the Rough Riders, his political enemies succeeded in denying it to him during his lifetime.  Beyond Roosevelt's death, his actions were debated for decades and finally, more than 100 years after his famous charge during the Spanish-American War, Congress approved the award.  On January 16, 2001 President William Clinton presented Theodore Roosevelt's Medal of Honor to his great-grandson Tweed Roosevelt, in ceremonies at the White House.  His award brought the total of awards earned in the July 1, 1898 battles at El Caney, Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill to an even two-dozen.  Ironically, Roosevelt's long-sought Medal of Honor would be the ONLY posthumous award of the entire Spanish-American War. http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/11_crowdedhour.html

32. Spanish American War Ends • War lasted only 16 Weeks • Called a “Splendid Little War” • 300,000 Americans served • 5,400 lost their lives • 379 battle causalities • 5,000 died of diseases and other causes • Yellow fever • Malaria

33. Treaty of Paris • Spain surrendered all rights to Cuba and assumed Cuban Debt • Puerto Rico and Guam are given to U.S. • The U.S. will pay $20 million for the annexation of the Philippines

34. Debate over the Treaty • Imperialism vs. Democracy • McKinley tried to imply it was for the betterment of the Filipino people • “that there was nothing left for us to do but take them all and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them.” • What is faulty about that argument? • Anti-imperialist would argue “you don’t have to own people to trade with them”

35. Acquiring New LandSection 3 • Ruling Puerto Rico • Cuba and the U.S. • Filipinos Rebel • Foreign Influence in China • Impact of Imperialism

36. Ruling Puerto Rico • Fairly smooth transition • Military Rule established • U.S. wished to maintain island as a territory for a naval base. • Foraker Act – 1900 • Ends military rule • Set up civil government • Pres. Power to appoint governor and upper house to legislature • Denied U.S. citizenship • 1917 Granted Citizenship and Right to elect both houses of legislature

37. Puerto Rico Commonwealth of U.S. • Make their own laws • Handle their own finances • U.S. controls defense and set tariffs • Citizens of U.S. • Move freely between island and mainland • Enjoy tax exempt status • Do not vote for President • Do not have voting members in Congress • Do not receive federal aid • Subject to military draft

38. Puerto Rico Debate • Some want to be independent • Some want to be a state • Some want to maintain commonwealth status • Voted in 1967, 1993, and 1998 • What are the pro’s and con’s of each?

39. Guam • Smooth Transition • U.S. Territory • Naval & Air Force Bases • U.S. Citizens • Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands.

40. Cuba and the U.S. • Teller Amendment: The U.S. will not seek control of Cuba. • Cuba is officially independent but will become an United States Protectorate • A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. • U.S. military would occupy Cuba • Provide food, clothing, schools, hospitals, and help with malaria and yellow fever.

41. Platt Amendment • Condition of U.S. withdrawal • Cubans must have Constitution and sign the Platt Amendment • Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit foreign powers to control any part of its territory • The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba • Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not repay • The U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations

42. Protecting American Business Interests • Main reason for staying involved in Cuba and other places around the world was to protect American businesses with investments in Cuba and other countries. • Critics argue it is not necessary. • See Page 355 Personal Voice

43. Filipinos Rebel • Emilio Aguinaldo- Leader of Rebellion • U.S. is faced with the same situation as Spain in Cuba of a people fighting for independence from a colonial power • Aguinaldo uses guerilla warfare • U.S. Forces citizens to designated zones like the reconcentrado camps in Cuba • Poor sanitation, starvation, disease • Thousands die

44. African Americans in the Philippines • Many of the 70,000 U.S. troops in the Philippines were African American • Some deserted to the Filipino side in solidarity for racial prejudice

45. Thomasites • 540 young Americans who sailed to Manila aboard the U.S.S. Thomas • Trained Filipino teachers • Conducted classes • Set up schools • Impact • 1898 – 5,000 elementary students • 1920 – more than 1 million students

46. Cost of the War • Philippine – American War lasted 3 years • Human Cost • 20,000 Filipino rebels died • 4,000 U.S. troops died • Monetary Cost • $400 million – 20 times the price we paid for annexation

47. Aftermath • U.S. set up a similar government to Puerto Rico • President appointed a governor • William Howard Taft 1901-1904 • Build schools and hospitals • Improved Sanitation for the prevention of disease. • Independence granted July 4th, 1946

48. China and the Open Door Policy • Because of the Sino-Japanese War China was weakened and vulnerable to imperialistic countries like Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Japan. • Each country had carved out a sphere-of-influence- an area where that country has exclusive rights to control trade and industry. • This interfered with U.S. business interests.

49. John Hay’s Open Door Notes • Sec. of State Hay issued a series of statements to protect American interests in China. • Sent to Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Germany, and Japan. • Statements are known as the Open Door Notes.

50. Open Door Policy • Called for open access to China’s coastal ports and trading rights of all nations would be respected • Elimination of special privileges for any trading nation • Existing tariffs would be collected by Chinese officials • Railroad rates and harbor duties would not discriminate against people of other countries • China would maintain its independence